The Isolation and Crystallization of the Enzyme Urease. Preliminary Paper

Sumner, James B.

doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674366701.c115

Cited by 132 publications

(151 citation statements)

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“…A notable success was the crystallization of hen-egg albumin, or ovalbumin (Hofmeister, 1890;Hopkins & Pincus, 1898). Protein crystallization was marked by major successes throughout the 1920s and 1930s, with the crystallization of insulin (Abel et al, 1927) and the demonstration by Sumner (1926) that enzymes could be obtained as crystalline proteins. In the 1930s Northrop and coworkers purified a number of important enzymes by crystallization, most notably from the pancreas of pigs and cows (reviewed in Northrop et al, 1948).…”

Section: Some Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to protein crystallization

McPherson

2004

Methods

238

201

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Protein crystallization was discovered by chance about 150 years ago and was developed in the late 19th century as a powerful purification tool and as a demonstration of chemical purity. The crystallization of proteins, nucleic acids and large biological complexes, such as viruses, depends on the creation of a solution that is supersaturated in the macromolecule but exhibits conditions that do not significantly perturb its natural state. Supersaturation is produced through the addition of mild precipitating agents such as neutral salts or polymers, and by the manipulation of various parameters that include temperature, ionic strength and pH. Also important in the crystallization process are factors that can affect the structural state of the macromolecule, such as metal ions, inhibitors, cofactors or other conventional small molecules. A variety of approaches have been developed that combine the spectrum of factors that effect and promote crystallization, and among the most widely used are vapor diffusion, dialysis, batch and liquid-liquid diffusion. Successes in macromolecular crystallization have multiplied rapidly in recent years owing to the advent of practical, easy-to-use screening kits and the application of laboratory robotics. A brief review will be given here of the most popular methods, some guiding principles and an overview of current technologies.

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Section: Some Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to protein crystallization

McPherson

2004

Methods

238

201

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“…A number of excellent assays are available for quantifying urease activity and analyzing its kinetic behavior [28]. More popularly, ammonia release during the ureolytic reaction can be detected with phenol-hypochlorite [68], Nessler's reagent [32], diacetyl monoxime method or Ehrlich's reagent method to allow colorimetric determination of activity and can be detected by ion-selective electrodes. It is possible to include pH indicators/pH sensitive dyes in the assays or simply observe changes with pH electrodes since release of ammonia results in an increase in pH.…”

Section: Methods For Evaluating Urease Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some plant species having urease activity gathered from the literature are summarized in Table 1. The beststudied plant urease is that from jack bean [30] which is identified as the first nickel metalloenzyme [31] and the urease from jack bean is the first enzyme crystallized [32]. In 1926, Sumner shows that urease is a protein.…”

Section: Plant-derived Ureasementioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Use of Plant-Derived Urease in the Field of Geoenvironmental/ Geotechnical Engineering

Ran¹,

Kawasaki²

2016

J Civil Environ Eng

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Geotechnical and geo-environmental engineering applications currently being explored through bio mineralization process include cementation of sands to improve mechanical properties and hence, to enhance bearing capacity and liquefaction resistance, sequestration of carbon, soil erosion control via surficial stabilization, groundwater flow control and remediation of soil and groundwater impacted by metals and radionuclides. Bio mediated system broadly refers to a chemical reaction series that are managed and controlled through biological activities and byproducts resulting from those reactions alter the properties of material in the system. Bio mediated methods such as microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP), biofilm formation, biogas generation and biopolymers have been developed by injecting or stimulating microbes. MICP is the most widely explored method. Microbes having urease activity enhance the hydrolysis of urea and it helps to control the pH and to precipitate carbonate. Although it is a widely explored bio mediated method it has some disadvantages.The plant-derived urease may offer many benefits over microbial urease to induce carbonate cementation. Therefore, it is advantageous to explore the knowledge regarding such a technique as an eco-friendly method for different applications in the fields of geoenvironmental/geotechnical Engineering. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the importance of plant-derived urease for different applications in the fields of geoenvironmental/ geotechnical engineering. The information presented in this paper may be important for biotechnologists/geoengineers to have wide ranging updates on the current situation.

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“…Because of their multifaceted contributions to the environmental cycling of nitrogen and localized neutralization of pH (1,6,7), ureases have always attracted intensive attention. In fact, jack bean urease (Canavalia ensiformis) was identified as the first metalloenzyme to contain a nickel ion (8) and was the first enzyme to be crystallized (9). Thus, ureases possess a prominent place in the history of biochemistry.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bacillus paralicheniformis Iron-Containing Urease Reduces Urea Concentrations in Rice Wine

Liu

Chen

Yuan

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Urease, a nickel-containing metalloenzyme, was the first enzyme to be crystallized and has a prominent position in the history of biochemistry. In the present study, we identified a nickel urease gene cluster, ureABCEFGDH, in Bacillus paralicheniformis ATCC 9945a and characterized it in Escherichia coli. Enzymatic assays demonstrate that this oxygen-stable urease is also an iron-containing acid urease. Heterologous expression assays of UreH suggest that this accessory protein is involved in the transmembrane transportation of nickel and iron ions. Moreover, this iron-containing acid urease has a potential application in the degradation of urea in rice wine. The present study not only enhances our understanding of the mechanism of activation of urease but also provides insight into the evolution of metalloenzymes.IMPORTANCE An iron-containing, oxygen-stable acid urease from B. paralicheniformis ATCC 9945a with good enzymatic properties was characterized. This acid urease shows activities toward both urea and ethyl carbamate. After digestion with 6 U/ml urease, approximately 92% of the urea in rice wine was removed, suggesting that this urease has great potential in the food industry.

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The Isolation and Crystallization of the Enzyme Urease. Preliminary Paper

Cited by 132 publications

References 0 publications

Introduction to protein crystallization

Introduction to protein crystallization

Effective Use of Plant-Derived Urease in the Field of Geoenvironmental/ Geotechnical Engineering

A Bacillus paralicheniformis Iron-Containing Urease Reduces Urea Concentrations in Rice Wine

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