Effective Use of Plant-Derived Urease in the Field of Geoenvironmental/ Geotechnical Engineering

Ran, Dilrukshi; Kawasaki, Satoru

doi:10.4172/2165-784x.1000207

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…It is also proposed that the heavy metal ions with ion radii close to that of Ca 2+ (e.g., Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Sr 2+ ) are incorporated in CaCO 3 crystal lattice by replacing Ca 2+ ions or by creating defects on the calcium carbonate crystals, or even by penetrating the CaCO 3 interstice. This indicates that the EICP technique can be used for the remediation of heavy metals [77]. The formation of carbonates of heavy metals occurs in the microenvironment of the mineral carbonates, and the process is even applicable for radionuclides such as strontium forming strontium carbonate (SrCO 3 ) [74].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Enzymatically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in the Retention of Heavy Metal Ions

Moghal

Lateef²,

Mohammed³

et al. 2020

Sustainability

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This study evaluated the efficacy of enzyme induced calcite precipitation (EICP) in restricting the mobility of heavy metals in soils. EICP is an environmentally friendly method that has wide ranging applications in the sustainable development of civil infrastructure. The study examined the desorption of three heavy metals from treated and untreated soils using ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (C6H8O7) extractants under harsh conditions. Two natural soils spiked with cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were studied in this research. The soils were treated with three types of enzyme solutions (ESs) to achieve EICP. A combination of urea of one molarity (M), 0.67 M calcium chloride, and urease enzyme (3 g/L) was mixed in deionized (DI) water to prepare enzyme solution 1 (ES1); non-fat milk powder (4 g/L) was added to ES1 to prepare enzyme solution 2 (ES2); and 0.37 M urea, 0.25 M calcium chloride, 0.85 g/L urease enzyme, and 4 g/L non-fat milk powder were mixed in DI water to prepare enzyme solution 3 (ES3). Ni, Cd, and Pb were added with load ratios of 50 and 100 mg/kg to both untreated and treated soils to study the effect of EICP on desorption rates of the heavy metals from soil. Desorption studies were performed after a curing period of 40 days. The curing period started after the soil samples were spiked with heavy metals. Soils treated with ESs were spiked with heavy metals after a curing period of 21 days and then further cured for 40 days. The amount of CaCO3 precipitated in the soil by the ESs was quantified using a gravimetric acid digestion test, which related the desorption of heavy metals to the amount of precipitated CaCO3. The order of desorption was as follows: Cd > Ni > Pb. It was observed that the average maximum removal efficiency of the untreated soil samples (irrespective of the load ratio and contaminants) was approximately 48% when extracted by EDTA and 46% when extracted by citric acid. The soil samples treated with ES2 exhibited average maximum removal efficiencies of 19% and 10% when extracted by EDTA and citric acid, respectively. It was observed that ES2 precipitated a maximum amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) when compared to ES1 and ES3 and retained the maximum amount of heavy metals in the soil by forming a CaCO3 shield on the heavy metals, thus decreasing their mobility. An approximate improvement of 30% in the retention of heavy metal ions was observed in soils treated with ESs when compared to untreated soil samples. Therefore, the study suggests that ESs can be an effective alternative in the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metal ions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Enzymatically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in the Retention of Heavy Metal Ions

Moghal

Lateef²,

Mohammed³

et al. 2020

Sustainability

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“…Bacterially precipitated CaCO 3 has also been used for capturing heavy metal contaminants to reduce their hazardous effects by converting the heavy metal traces into carbonates [12,[132][133][134][135]. Bioremediation through urease in soil is effective for contaminant remediation [136]. Although natural calcite is used as an adsorbent for removing ions of heavy metal from contaminated water [137,138], the use of calcium for remediating heavy metal contaminants in soil is also practiced by researchers [139][140][141].…”

Section: Biotreatment Of Soils For Geoenvironmental Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-Art Review of the Applicability and Challenges of Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) and Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) Techniques for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Applications

Almajed

Lateef²,

Moghal

et al. 2021

Crystals

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The development of alternatives to soil stabilization through mechanical and chemical stabilization has paved the way for the development of biostabilization methods. Since its development, researchers have used different bacteria species for soil treatment. Soil treatment through bioremediation techniques has been used to understand its effect on strength parameters and contaminant remediation. Using a living organism for binding the soil grains to make the soil mass dense and durable is the basic idea of soil biotreatment. Bacteria and enzymes are commonly utilized in biostabilization, which is a common method to encourage ureolysis, leading to calcite precipitation in the soil mass. Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) and enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP) techniques are emerging trends in soil stabilization. Unlike conventional methods, these techniques are environmentally friendly and sustainable. This review determines the challenges, applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of MICP and EICP in soil treatment and their role in the improvement of the geotechnical and geoenvironmental properties of soil. It further elaborates on their probable mechanism in improving the soil properties in the natural and lab environments. Moreover, it looks into the effectiveness of biostabilization as a remediation of soil contamination. This review intends to present a hands-on adoptable treatment method for in situ implementation depending on specific site conditions.

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“…Reported Enzyme Activity (mg NH 3 /g/h at 30 Pure urease can be costly, accounting for 57-98% of the total cost of the EICP cementing solution [44]. In an attempt to reduce the treatment cost, some researchers examined the use of crude urease enzyme extracted in the lab from jack bean [45], watermelon [46,47], soybean [48], and bacterial cells [24,49,50] as cheap alternatives to costly lab-grade urease enzymes. Urease was extracted and purified from watermelon seeds through blending, filtration, and acetone fractionation.…”

Section: Enzyme Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though the treatment of EICP is not yet commercialized and is still under development, many envisioned applications can be suitable for this promising technique in the future, serving as a sustainable solution for several engineering applications. This includes fugitive dust mitigation [27][28][29][30][31][32], surface water erosion control [29], creation of subsurface barrier excavation stabilization, soil nailing [78], liquefaction mitigation [33,46], and foundation support, among others [44,58]. Besides, EICP has been recently investigated to heal cracks in cement mortars [36] and combined with cement to improve cement-treated soil behavior [111].…”

Section: Envisioned Applications Of Soil Bio-cementation Via Eicpmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-Art Review of Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) for Ground Improvement: Applications and Prospects

et al. 2021

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The global construction industry consumes huge amounts of mined materials that are considered unsustainable for earth resources. In addition, Portland cement which is a key element in concrete and most construction materials is considered one of the main contributors to worldwide CO2 emissions. On the other hand, natural cemented soil deposits are examples of sustainable structures that have survived decades of severe environmental conditions. Mimicking these natural biological systems provide an alternative to the current practices of construction materials production. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a bio-inspired technique based on the precipitation of calcium carbonate for enhancing the geo-mechanical properties of soils. In this technique, calcium carbonate acts as a cementitious agent that binds the soil particles together at the points of contact, hence, increasing the strength and stiffness of treated soils, while relatively reducing the soil permeability and porosity. The achieved enhancements make EICP useful for applications such as ground improvement, construction materials, and erosion control over traditional binders. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of EICP for ground improvement including the fundamental basics of EICP treatment. The paper also discusses the chemical and physical factors affecting the performance of EICP such as enzyme source, enzyme activity and solution constitutes. Moreover, the paper reviews the different methods and testing techniques used in the application of EICP for soil treatment. Furthermore, the paper compares EICP with other biomineralization techniques in terms of performance and applicability on ground improvement. Finally, the paper discusses the research gaps and existing challenges concerning the commercialization and large-scale implementation of the technology.

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Effective Use of Plant-Derived Urease in the Field of Geoenvironmental/ Geotechnical Engineering

Cited by 18 publications

References 84 publications

Efficacy of Enzymatically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in the Retention of Heavy Metal Ions

Efficacy of Enzymatically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in the Retention of Heavy Metal Ions

State-of-the-Art Review of the Applicability and Challenges of Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) and Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) Techniques for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Applications

State-of-the-Art Review of Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) for Ground Improvement: Applications and Prospects

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