The ionospheric responses to the 2011 Tohoku, 2012 Haida Gwaii, and 2010 Chile tsunamis: Effects of tsunami orientation and observation geometry

Grawe, M.; Makela, J. J.

doi:10.1002/2015ea000132

Cited by 31 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…We note that the perturbation percentages we have calculated here agree with the modeling results shown in Huba et al [] for the 2011 Tohoku event. The 2015 Chile event airglow perturbation percentages were significantly weaker than those for the 2012 Haida Gwaii and 2011 Tohoku events, which was also the case in the filtered TEC when comparing our results for the Chile event to the 2012 Haida Gwaii and 2011 Tohoku events reported by Grawe and Makela [].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…The observations investigated by Grawe and Makela [] demonstrated the complex interplay between geomagnetic posture, observation geometry, and background conditions in tsunami‐ionospheric coupling efficiency, concepts we will now quantitatively discuss and extend to the 2015 Chile event. To summarize, the study reported stronger TEC perturbations from receiver‐satellite raypaths pointing downstream of the tsunami for the 2012 Haida Gwaii and 2010 Chile tsunamis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The airglow observation reported here was provided by the Cornell All‐Sky Imager (CASI) and is the third observation of a tsunami‐generated signature in the airglow above Hawaii after Makela et al [] reported a signature generated by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami (also using CASI in the same location) and Grawe and Makela [] reported a signature generated by the 2012 Haida Gwaii tsunami using the Cornell Narrow‐Field Imager (CNFI) in the same location as CASI. Imagers such as CNFI and CASI provide an integrated brightness measurement of the 630.0 nm redline emission caused by the dissociative recombination of O

_{2}^{+}

.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relative position of the magnetic field vector and receiver‐satellite raypath affects the strength of the ionospheric perturbations driven by the tsunami‐generated IGW. We calculated the orientation factor for this event following the method developed in Grawe and Makela [] in order to characterize these effects. The factor is calculated as

OF = | \sin (β) ([], \cos ((), θ_{B}) \sin ((), θ_{G}) \cos ((), ϕ_{B} - ϕ_{G}) - \sin ((), θ_{B}) \cos ((), θ_{G})) |

where ϕ B and θ B are the azimuth and elevation of the local geomagnetic field, respectively, and ϕ G and θ G are the azimuth and elevation of the IGW phase velocity, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ϕ G was calculated using the bearing angle toward the epicenter. θ G was determined in the same manner as in Grawe and Makela [] by using the dispersion relation

k_{v} = \sqrt{k_{h}^{2} ((), \frac{N^{2}}{ω^{2}} - 1) - {((), \frac{N^{2}}{2 g})}^{2}}

from Occhipinti et al []. In equation , k h and ω are horizontal wave number and angular frequency (respectively) and are determined from hodochrone measurements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observation of tsunami‐generated ionospheric signatures over Hawaii caused by the 16 September 2015 Illapel earthquake

Grawe

Makela

2017

JGR Space Physics

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Tsunamis generate internal gravity waves (IGWs) that propagate vertically into the atmosphere and can create detectable signatures in the ionosphere. These signatures have consistently been observed in the presence of a tsunami for over a decade in the total electron content and for over 5 years in the 630.0 nm airglow. Here we show perturbations appearing in filtered GPS‐derived total electron content (TEC) and 630.0 nm airglow above Hawaii during the passing of the tsunami induced by the 16 September 2015 earthquake in Illapel, Chile. We report measurements of IGW parameters from both observation methodologies using a combination of prior methods and a newly developed method that uses a Gabor filter bank. A previously developed geometric model that takes into account the assumed posture of tsunami‐induced IGWs in the geomagnetic field and the observation geometry is shown to predict fairly well the expected location of the observation in the sky. Results of the Gabor filtering technique are also compared to previously published results for the 11 March 2011 Tohoku event. An overall comparison between all of the tsunami‐induced signatures that have appeared in both the 630.0 nm airglow and TEC above Hawaii to date is provided.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

_{2}^{+}

.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

OF = | \sin (β) ([], \cos ((), θ_{B}) \sin ((), θ_{G}) \cos ((), ϕ_{B} - ϕ_{G}) - \sin ((), θ_{B}) \cos ((), θ_{G})) |

where ϕ B and θ B are the azimuth and elevation of the local geomagnetic field, respectively, and ϕ G and θ G are the azimuth and elevation of the IGW phase velocity, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ϕ G was calculated using the bearing angle toward the epicenter. θ G was determined in the same manner as in Grawe and Makela [] by using the dispersion relation

k_{v} = \sqrt{k_{h}^{2} ((), \frac{N^{2}}{ω^{2}} - 1) - {((), \frac{N^{2}}{2 g})}^{2}}

from Occhipinti et al []. In equation , k h and ω are horizontal wave number and angular frequency (respectively) and are determined from hodochrone measurements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observation of tsunami‐generated ionospheric signatures over Hawaii caused by the 16 September 2015 Illapel earthquake

Grawe

Makela

2017

JGR Space Physics

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Satellite‐based observations of tsunami‐induced mesosphere airglow perturbations

Yang

Verkhoglyadova

Mlynczak

et al. 2017

Geophysical Research Letters

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Tsunami‐induced airglow emission perturbations were retrieved by using space‐based measurements made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broad‐band Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics spacecraft. At and after the time of the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake on 11 March 2011, and the Chile earthquake on 16 September 2015, the spacecraft was performing scans over the Pacific Ocean. Significant (~10% relative to the ambient emission profiles) and coherent nighttime airglow perturbations were observed in the mesosphere following Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broad‐band Emission Radiometry limb scans intercepting tsunami‐induced atmospheric gravity waves. Simulations of emission variations are consistent with the physical characteristics of the disturbances at the locations of the corresponding SABER scans. Airglow observations and model simulations suggest that atmospheric neutral density and temperature perturbations can lead to the observed amplitude variations and multipeak structures in the emission profiles. This is the first time that airglow emission rate perturbations associated with tsunamis have been detected with space‐based measurements.

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GPS detection of ionospheric Rayleigh wave and its source following the 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake

Jin

2017

JGR Space Physics

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The processes and sources of seismo‐ionospheric disturbances are still not clear. In this paper, coseismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) are investigated by dual‐frequency GPS observations following the Mw = 7.8 earthquake as results of the oblique‐thrust fault in the Haida Gwaii region, Canada, on 28 October 2012. Results show that the CIDs with an amplitude of up to 0.15 total electron content units (TECU) are found with spreading out at 2.20 km/s, which agree well with the Rayleigh wave propagation speed at 2.22 km/s detected by the bottom pressure records at about 10 min after the onset. The CIDs are a result of the upward propagation acoustic waves trigged by the Rayleigh wave in sequence from near field to far field. The strong correlation is found between the CIDs and the vertical ground motion recorded by seismometers nearby the epicenter. The total electron content (TEC) series from lower‐elevation angle GPS observations have higher perturbation amplitudes. Furthermore, the simulated ionospheric disturbance following a vertical Gauss pulse on the ground based on the finite difference time domain method confirms the ionospheric Rayleigh wave signature in the near field and the vertical ground motion dependence theoretically. The vertical ground motion is the dominant source of the ionospheric Rayleigh wave and affects the CID waveform directly.

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The ionospheric responses to the 2011 Tohoku, 2012 Haida Gwaii, and 2010 Chile tsunamis: Effects of tsunami orientation and observation geometry

Cited by 31 publications

References 34 publications

Observation of tsunami‐generated ionospheric signatures over Hawaii caused by the 16 September 2015 Illapel earthquake

Observation of tsunami‐generated ionospheric signatures over Hawaii caused by the 16 September 2015 Illapel earthquake

Satellite‐based observations of tsunami‐induced mesosphere airglow perturbations

GPS detection of ionospheric Rayleigh wave and its source following the 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake

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