Observation of tsunami‐generated ionospheric signatures over Hawaii caused by the 16 September 2015 Illapel earthquake

Grawe, M.; Makela, J. J.

doi:10.1002/2016ja023228

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…For all these events, the IGW propagation speed and direction were consistent with those of the tsunami, and the TEC perturbation and tsunami height had a similar waveform, with a consistent delay between the two signals (±13 min). A similar TEC signal was later detected in the case of the tsunami triggered by the M w = 9.0 Tohoku event in 2011 (Galvan et al, ; Kherani et al, ; Rolland, Lognonné, Astafyeva, et al, ), including from TEC radio occultation performed by COSMIC (Coïsson et al, ), and by the more recent 2012 Haida Gwaii tsunami (Grawe & Makela, ; Savastano et al, ), the Chilean event of 2014 (Zhang & Tang, ) and the 2015 Illapel tsunami (Grawe & Makela, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Tsunami Wave Height Estimation from GPS‐Derived Ionospheric Data

et al. 2018

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Large underwater earthquakes (Mw>7) can transmit part of their energy to the surrounding ocean through large seafloor motions, generating tsunamis that propagate over long distances. The forcing effect of tsunami waves on the atmosphere generates internal gravity waves that, when they reach the upper atmosphere, produce ionospheric perturbations. These perturbations are frequently observed in the total electron content (TEC) measured by multifrequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, and, in the future, Galileo. This paper describes the first inversion of the variation in sea level derived from GPS TEC data. We used a least squares inversion through a normal‐mode summation modeling. This technique was applied to three tsunamis in far field associated to the 2012 Haida Gwaii, 2006 Kuril Islands, and 2011 Tohoku events and for Tohoku also in close field. With the exception of the Tohoku far‐field case, for which the tsunami reconstruction by the TEC inversion is less efficient due to the ionospheric noise background associated to geomagnetic storm, which occurred on the earthquake day, we show that the peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the sea level variation inverted by this method can be compared to the tsunami wave height measured by a DART buoy with an error of less than 20%. This demonstrates that the inversion of TEC data with a tsunami normal‐mode summation approach is able to estimate quite accurately the amplitude and waveform of the first tsunami arrival.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Tsunami Wave Height Estimation from GPS‐Derived Ionospheric Data

et al. 2018

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“…Images were taken by ground‐based wide‐angle camera system located at the top of the Haleakala Volcano on Maui, Hawaii, and showed good correlation with GPS measurements of the TEC from Hawaii GPS stations and the Jason‐1 satellite. After that first‐time registration, the tsunami‐induced airglow signatures were also observed following the 2012 Haida Gwaii, the 2015 Illapel, and the 2010 Chile earthquakes (Grawe & Makela, , ). These works demonstrated the utility of monitoring of the Earth's airglow layers for tsunami detection and tracking.…”

Section: Ionospheric Response To Earthquakes and Tsunamismentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards

Astafyeva

2019

Reviews of Geophysics

204

167

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Natural hazards (NH), such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe tropospheric weather events, generate acoustic and gravity waves that propagate upward and cause perturbations in the atmosphere and ionosphere. The first NH-related ionospheric disturbances were detected after the great 1964 Alaskan earthquake by ionosondes and Doppler sounders. Since then, many other observations confirmed the responsiveness of the ionosphere to NH. Within the last two decades, outstanding progress has been made in this area owing to the development of networks of ground-based dual-frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. The use of GNSS-sounding has substantially enlarged our knowledge about the solid earth/ocean/atmosphere/ionosphere coupling and NH-related ionospheric disturbances and their main features. Moreover, recent results have demonstrated that it is possible to localize NH from their ionospheric signatures and also, if/when applicable, to obtain the information about the NH source (i.e., the source location and extension and the source onset time). Although all these results were obtained in retrospective studies, they have opened an exciting possibility for future ionosphere-based detection and monitoring of NH in near-real time. This article reviews the recent developments in the area of ionospheric detection of earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, and it discusses the future perspectives for this novel discipline. Plain Language SummaryThe ionosphere is the ionized region of the Earth's atmosphere that is located between~60 and~800 km of altitude. The ionosphere is largely impacted by the solar and magnetic activities, as well as by the neutral atmosphere. Besides these large-scale and global processes influencing from above, the ionosphere can be more "locally" perturbed from below by geophysical phenomena (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe tropospheric weather events) and by man-made events (e.g., explosions, rocket and missile launches, and mine blasts). From below, the disturbances arrive in the ionosphere as acoustic and gravity waves. Upon their upward propagation, these waves grow in amplitude up to a million times owing to the exponential decrease of the atmospheric density with height. Consequently, the acoustic and gravity waves generated at the Earth's surface may provoke significant perturbations in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. In the ionosphere, the perturbations can be detected by ionospheric sounding tools, such as GNSS receivers, ionosondes, and airglow cameras.

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“…Also, the timeframe of their study was limited to the mainshock, which is typical in the studies of seismic ionospheric disturbances. Grawe & Makela (2017) show ionospheric perturbations appearing in filtered GPS-derived TEC determined at Hawaii stations after Chile-Illapel EQ, however, these disturbances are found with respect to only one GPS satellite. Lately, Ravanelli et al (2021) have studied Chile-Illapel event with the use of ground GNSS data.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 78%

Combining Swarm Langmuir probe observations, LEO-POD-based and ground-based GNSS receivers and ionosondes for prompt detection of ionospheric earthquake and tsunami signatures: case study of 2015 Chile-Illapel event

Jarmołowski

Belehaki

Hernández‐Pajares

et al. 2021

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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The study investigates ionospheric electric field responses to the earthquake (EQ) of magnitude 8.3, and to the related seismic activity and tsunami triggered by the mainshock in Chile-Illapel region, at 22:54 UTC, in the evening of 16.09.2015. The work is a wider review of available ground and satellite data and techniques available in detection of seismically induced traveling ionospheric disturbances (TID) and irregularities of smaller scale. The data used in the experiment includes several types of ground and satellite observations from low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The number of techniques applied here is also extended and includes spectral analysis of LEO along-track data and composed analysis of ground GNSS data. The timeframe of the analyses is focused on 16.09 and 17.09.2015, but also extended to several adjacent days, where an enhanced seismic activity has been recorded. Several examples of seismically triggered TIDs are shown, as detected by combined observations from more than one source and with the application of different methods, including spectral analysis. These disturbances occur before the mainshock, just after, or in time following this large EQ, and can be found in close neighborhood of Chile-Illapel or far away from the epicenter. The objective of the work was to demonstrate increasing number of available data and techniques, which can be limited when applied alone, but their combination can provide many advantages in the analysis of seismically disturbed ionosphere. The combination of LEO satellite data reaching all regions of the globe with local, but dense ground-based GNSS data and ionospheric HF sounders looks promising, especially in view of nearby availability of CubeSat constellations equipped with instruments for ionosphere sounding. An important conclusion coming from the study is a need for spectral analysis techniques in the processing of LEO along-track data and requirement of the validation of LEO observations with separate LEO data or ground-based data. A general, but key finding refers to the complementarities of different observations of ionospheric electric field, which is critically important in case of analyzing ionospheric irregularities in the extended and composed ionosphere, especially if not every sounding direction can successfully find it.

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Observation of tsunami‐generated ionospheric signatures over Hawaii caused by the 16 September 2015 Illapel earthquake

Cited by 20 publications

References 45 publications

Tsunami Wave Height Estimation from GPS‐Derived Ionospheric Data

Tsunami Wave Height Estimation from GPS‐Derived Ionospheric Data

Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards

Combining Swarm Langmuir probe observations, LEO-POD-based and ground-based GNSS receivers and ionosondes for prompt detection of ionospheric earthquake and tsunami signatures: case study of 2015 Chile-Illapel event

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