The investigation of the Hillsborough disaster by the Health and Safety Executive

Nicholson, Carol; Roebuck, Benjamin S.

doi:10.1016/0925-7535(94)00034-z

Cited by 38 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Mistrust between operational staff and the public may cause problems [30,31], whereby operational and emergency services misinterpret crowd behaviours with negative [32], even catastrophic, consequences [33]. The eVACUATE project is going some way to solve this problem (http://www.evacuate.eu).…”

Section: An Evacuation Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Agency in Human-Machine Networks; Impacts and Trust Implications

Engen¹,

Pickering²,

Walland³

2016

Human-Computer Interaction. Novel User Experiences

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We live in an emerging hyper-connected era in which people are in contact and interacting with an increasing number of other people and devices. Increasingly, modern IT systems form networks of humans and machines that interact with one another. As machines take a more active role in such networks, they exert an increasing level of influence on other participants. We review the existing literature on agency and propose a definition of agency that is practical for describing the capabilities and impact human and machine actors may have in a human-machine network. On this basis, we discuss and demonstrate the impact and trust implications for machine actors in human-machine networks for emergency decision support, healthcare and future smart homes. We maintain that machine agency not only facilitates human to machine trust, but also interpersonal trust; and that trust must develop to be able to seize the full potential of future technology.

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Section: An Evacuation Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Agency in Human-Machine Networks; Impacts and Trust Implications

Engen¹,

Pickering²,

Walland³

2016

Human-Computer Interaction. Novel User Experiences

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“…The key reason for fatal clogging and jams at egress route bottlenecks are the pressure and friction forces occurring between the occupants. High pressure can also lead to suffocation, see ,e.g., (Nicholson and Roebuck, 1995). The social force model calculates these actual forces in the simulations, and thus, can rather realistically detect the situations that create lethal forces.…”

Section: Computational Crowd Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient and impatient pedestrians in a spatial game for egress congestion

et al. 2013

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In Today's built environment, it is common that large numbers of people gather in buildings. Also evacuations of such large crowds take place frequently all over the world. Standard safety requirements for buildings cannot always ensure safe evacuation of people in such situations, and thus, computational evacuation simulations have become a common practice in building design. The currently available simulation models are able to produce quite realistic movement and egress flows. However, there has not been much focus on modeling evacuees' behavior and decision making, which may significantly affect the outcome of evacuations.This thesis develops new modeling methods to describe the behavior of pedestrians in evacuation situations. The developed models are implemented in a state-of-the-art simulation software that combines evacuation simulation with fire simulation. The models apply game theory, which is the mathematical framework for describing strategic interaction between individuals.A novel game theoretic model for occupants' exit route selection is proposed. It describes how evacuees react to the surroundings and other evacuees' actions when deciding which exit to use. Another presented model uses spatial game theory to describe pedestrian behavior and interaction in threatening and congested situations at egress route bottlenecks. The model shows that reasonable behavior by pedestrians may lead to pushing and slow down the egress flow. In addition, a new physical approach for modeling pedestrian counterflow is given.The thesis also gives the results of an experimental study on pedestrian behavior and decision making in evacuations. It is observed that, even in simple experimental settings, people are often unable to select the fastest egress route. Another interesting finding is that the participants' attempts to cooperate may lead to slower evacuation.The developed models enable building more realistic tools for evacuation simulation, which help to better assess the safety of different venues. Also, the game theoretic models improve the understanding of how crowd-level movement and phenomena emerge from the behavior and decisions of individual crowd members. The experimental results presented in the thesis provide new insights into human behavior in evacuation situations. The results of the experiments can also be used to validate computational simulation models.Keywords evacuation, simulation, game theory, experiment, crowd, behavior Tiivistelmä Nykyään on yleistä, että suuria ihmismääriä joudutaan evakuoimaan rakennuksista. Pelkkä rakennusmääräysten noudattaminen ei aina takaa evakuoinnin turvallisuutta, joten evakuoinnin tietokonesimulaatiot ovat yleistyneet rakennusten suunnittelussa. Olemassa olevat simulaatiomallit kuvaavat ihmisjoukkojen liikkumista varsin realistisesti. Sen sijaan ihmisten käyttäytymisen ja päätöksenteon mallinnus ei ole yhtä kehittynyttä, huolimatta näiden tekijöiden merkittävästä vaikutuksesta evakuointien lopputuloksiin.Väitöskirjassa kehitetään menetelmiä evakuoitavien...

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“…Amidst many other similar tragedies, severe congestion at an exit or a narrowing was reported in the 1863 Church of the Company of Jesus fire catastrophe in Santiago (Chile) [1], causing more than 2,000 fatalities, in the 1903 Iroquois Theatre fire disaster in Chicago, with a death toll above 600 [2] (for the full story, see [3]), in the largely documented 1989 crowd disaster at the Hillsborough stadium (England) [4,5] (in this case, congestion actually occurred at the entrance, under the pressure of the incoming crowd of supporters), in the 2010 crowd disaster during the Love Parade in Duisburg (Germany) [6], where the same tunnel was used as both the entrance and the exit from the premises, in the 2004 fire disaster in the nightclub República de Cromañón in Buenos Aires [7], as well as in the recent fire disaster in the Colectiv nightclub in Bucharest in October 2015 [8], where clear problems with the emergency exits were reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Statistical fluctuations in pedestrian evacuation times and the effect of social contagion

Nicolas¹,

Bouzat²,

Kuperman³

2016

Phys. Rev. E

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Mathematical models of pedestrian evacuation and the associated simulation software have become essential tools for the assessment of the safety of public facilities and buildings. While a variety of models are now available, their calibration and test against empirical data are generally restricted to global, averaged quantities; the statistics compiled from the time series of individual escapes ("microscopic" statistics) measured in recent experiments are thus overlooked. In the same spirit, much research has primarily focused on the average global evacuation time, whereas the whole distribution of evacuation times over some set of realizations should matter. In the present paper we propose and discuss the validity of a simple relation between this distribution and the "microscopic" statistics, which is theoretically valid in the absence of correlations. To this purpose, we develop a minimal cellular automaton, with novel features that afford a semi-quantitative reproduction of the experimental "microscopic" statistics. We then introduce a process of social contagion of impatient behavior in the model and show that the simple relation under test may dramatically fail at high contagion strengths, the latter being responsible for the emergence of strong correlations in the system. We conclude with comments on the potential practical relevance for safety science of calculations based on "microscopic" statistics.

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The investigation of the Hillsborough disaster by the Health and Safety Executive

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Machine Agency in Human-Machine Networks; Impacts and Trust Implications

Machine Agency in Human-Machine Networks; Impacts and Trust Implications

Patient and impatient pedestrians in a spatial game for egress congestion

Statistical fluctuations in pedestrian evacuation times and the effect of social contagion

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