The inventory of sources, environmental releases and risk assessment for perfluorooctane sulfonate in China

Perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Huaihe watershed in China

“…Among the PFSAs analyzed, PFOS was predominant with a mean concentration of 0.04 ± 0.02 ng/g dw. According to recent reports on PFOS sources in Anhui Province, metal plating and fire-fighting were the main industries to release PFOS (Zhang et al, 2012;Xie et al, 2013). No related factories were found located near the sampling areas in this study.…”

“…Accumulation of PFASs in the environment mainly comes from two sources, including releases from manufacture, applications and usage of related products, and formed as chemical impurities or by breakdown of precursors (Paul et al, 2009). Currently, due to the lack of appropriate alternative products, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related substances are still manufactured and used in China (Zhang et al, 2012).…”

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in wastewater treatment plants and drinking water treatment plants: Removal efficiency and exposure risk

“…Meanwhile, the highest concentration of PFOA was 78.4 ng/L in Shanghai (Mak et al, 2009), which is much higher than the concentration in Guangzhou of this work. This may be caused by the different industrial structures of these two cities (Mak et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2012).…”

What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review

“…In 2009, PFOS, and related substances derived from POSF, were listed under Annex B (restriction of production and use) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. However, China now manufactures PFOS, and according to Zhang et al [60] the production volume of PFOS increased from 30 tonnes in 2002 to 247 tonnes in 2006. Since then, production volumes of PFOS in China declined to about 100 tonnes/year in 2008 as a consequence of international legislation to restrict or eliminate PFOS production.…”