The Intratemporal Course of the Facial Nerve and Its Influence on the Development of the Ossicular Chain

Gerhardt, H. J.; Otto, Horst

doi:10.3109/00016488109138542

Cited by 35 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, that's not always the case since the canal can be dehiscent and the nerve can herniate into the middle ear cavity [4]. Dehiscence is the most common variation of the facial nerve canal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Incidence of Dehiscence of the Tympanic Segment of the Facial Nerve Canal Estimated With Computed Tomography

Bulja¹,

Stojanov²,

Ignjatović³

et al. 2016

RAD Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. In this study, we aimed to determine the presence and incidence of dehiscence of the tympanic segment of the facial nerve canal using the High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) and to evaluate this variation in relation to gender and age. The retrospective-prospective study was performed at the Clinic for Radiology, University Clinical Center of Sarajevo. After the criteria for participation and non-participation in the study were applied, the study included 295 patients (160 women and 135 men) of ages ranging from 5 to 75, with performed computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone as a part of a standard procedure due to the suspicion of pathological activity in that area. We divided the subjects into seven age groups. Each group included a ten-year period. The presence of dehiscence of the facial nerve canal was recorded and the obtained results were statistically analyzed. Of the total number of patients included in the study, the dehiscence of the tympanic segment of the facial nerve canal was found in 95 patients (32%). Of 590 temporal bones, there were 118 temporal bones with facial nerve canal dehiscence in the tympanic segment (20%). The dehiscence without stenosis of the oval window was noted in 110 temporal bones (18.6%). The dehiscence with stenosis of the oval window was noted in 8 temporal bones (1.4%). There was no statistically significant difference between age groups (p=0.245, Pearson's χ2 test). Also, there was no statistically significant difference between males and females (p=0.385, Pearson's χ2 test). The incidence of dehiscence of the facial nerve canal is high and the tympanic segment is the most frequent site of dehiscence localization. Almost one third of the patients with the suspicion of pathological processes on the temporal bone can have dehiscence of the tympanic segment of the facial nerve canal. HRCT is the best visual imaging technique for the evaluation of the facial nerve course within its osseous canal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Incidence of Dehiscence of the Tympanic Segment of the Facial Nerve Canal Estimated With Computed Tomography

Bulja¹,

Stojanov²,

Ignjatović³

et al. 2016

RAD Conference Proceedings

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“…Gerhardt [17] paid attention to explain caudal deviation of the facial nerve in relation to facial ganglion and developmental malposition of the facial nerve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite many studies on the intratemporal (intraosseous) part of the facial nerve, there are still controversies as to the topography of this nerve to the developing internal and middle ear [2,14,17,[34][35][36]39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early development of the facial nerve in human embryos at stages 13–15

et al. 2015

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“…6 Differentiation of the otocyst and otic capsule to inner ear is developed independently of the middle ear, which explains the presence of agenesis of footplate as a separate anomaly, and the presence of normal inner ear with deformity of the ossicular chain. 5 If the stapes is totally absent, there may be no depression or other indication of the site of the vestibular window, and the facial nerve may be displaced downwards. 7 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adjacent lateral wall of the bony canal of the facial nerve is also developed from the second branchial arch. 4,5 The facial nerve may be exposed or displaced downwards. Congenital facial nerve dehiscence of the bony facial canal in the oval window region, a very common finding at tympanotomy, was present at 31% of normal temporal bones examined by Leonard and Alexander in 1968.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital Absence of Oval Window

Ardah

1999

Ann Saudi Med

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Oval window agenesis with obvious craniofacial ear deformity is a rarely diagnosed condition. This finding is noticeable nowadays as a result of the development of microsurgery of the ear. The vestibule is the central chamber of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. It has a lateral opening at the medial wall of the middle ear, which is called the oval window (fenestra ovale), and lies above and slightly behind the promontory, and below the horizontal portion of the facial nerve. It is closed in life by the footplate of the stapes and its annular ligament. It has an area of approximately 3x1.4 mm 2 and a depth of 2.5-3 mm. 2The stapes has a double origin. The main structures derive from the second branchial arch, but the inner (vestibular) aspect of the footplate differentiates from the otic capsule itself. This area is termed the "lamina stapedialis." As development proceeds, the cells immediately adjacent to this lamina normally form the annular ligament, and the lamina becomes incorporated into the footplate of the stapes. Teratogenic agents might affect any stage of the process, producing anomalies including congenital absence of the oval window and others.3 The oval window is indispensable for the transmission of sound waves into the inner ear (cochlea). In the case of oval window occlusion or absence, the stapes is not normally developed and may be rudimentary, hanging above an undifferentiated oval window niche, causing conductive loss of hearing. The adjacent lateral wall of the bony canal of the facial nerve is also developed from the second branchial arch. 4,5The facial nerve may be exposed or displaced downwards. Congenital facial nerve dehiscence of the bony facial canal in the oval window region, a very common finding at tympanotomy, was present at 31% of normal temporal bones examined by Leonard and Alexander in 1968. 6 Differentiation of the otocyst and otic capsule to inner ear is developed independently of the middle ear, which explains the presence of agenesis of footplate as a separate anomaly, and the presence of normal inner ear with deformity of the ossicular chain.5 If the stapes is totally absent, there may be no depression or other indication of the site of the vestibular window, and the facial nerve may be displaced downwards. 7 Case ReportA 24-year-old Jordanian female presented to the Otorhinolaryngology Department at King Hussein Medical Centre, Amman, Jordan, in 1995, with a history of bilateral loss of hearing since childhood. There was no positive family history of hearing loss or history of trauma. She was a good lip reader. ENT examination revealed normal tympanic membranes with outstanding small auricles (microtia). Pure tone audiogram showed bilateral, almost symmetrical conductive loss of hearing of 45 dB (Figure 1). Cochlear function and caloric test were normal. Tympanogram showed normal middle ear pressure, and compliance was within the wide normal variation range.After the condition was explained to the patient, she was asked to decide between having a hearing aid fit...

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The Intratemporal Course of the Facial Nerve and Its Influence on the Development of the Ossicular Chain

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

The Incidence of Dehiscence of the Tympanic Segment of the Facial Nerve Canal Estimated With Computed Tomography

The Incidence of Dehiscence of the Tympanic Segment of the Facial Nerve Canal Estimated With Computed Tomography

Early development of the facial nerve in human embryos at stages 13–15

Congenital Absence of Oval Window

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