The Instability of Storage of Middle Distillate Fuels: A Review

Sharma, Y. K.

doi:10.1080/10916466.2010.512882

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The physicochemical properties’ change at different storage conditions reveals the instability of the algal biocrude oils. We proposed a possible aging pathway (Figure ) of biocrude oil based on this study and the literature. ,,,− …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…These reactions were triggered more and more violently with the increase of free radicals during oil storage. Nitrogen-containing compounds formed a sediment or gum as a result of polymerization (pathway 4), dimerization (pathway 5), and alkylation (pathway 6) with carbon radicals, themselves, and hydrocarbons, − respectively. With oxidation and polymerization of phenols (pathway 4), the oil in the top eventually formed into the “oxidation shell”.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Aging in Nitrogen and Air on the Properties of Biocrude Produced by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Spirulina

2019

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) allows direct conversion of wet biomass into biocrude oil, which has comparable energy content to petroleum. The stability of biocrude oil has significant effects on the downstream oil-refining and field applications. In this work, we investigated the physiochemical properties of HTL biocrude oil converted from Spirulina at different storage times and environment conditions: temperature (15 and 35 °C), headspace environment gas (air or N2), and storage duration (up to 12 weeks). A layer of “oxidation shell” was formed on top of the biocrude oil during the storage. The rigidity of the “oxidation shell” and the viscosity of the inner oil increased significantly when the temperature shifted from 15 to 35 °C. The total acid number of the biocrude oil decreased by 22.6–24% in an N2 environment but increased by 9.1–10.1% in air, regardless of the temperature, after long-term storage. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed significant differences among chemical compositions in biocrude oil. Seven aging pathways were proposed for the physiochemical property transformation of algal biocrude oil during different storage scenarios. The formation of the “oxidation shell” was mainly due to the oxidation and polymerization of phenols and nitrogen-containing compounds, whereas the aging of the inner biocrude oil was caused by esterification and polymerization of esters, phenols, ketones, and nitrogen-containing compounds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Aging in Nitrogen and Air on the Properties of Biocrude Produced by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Spirulina

2019

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“…Carboxylic acid, as an organic acid, catalyzes the auto-oxidation process of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds in fuel oils and participates in the reaction of gum formation, which may be the reason for the further increase of the gum content after oxidation. 41 The content of strongly basic pyridine nitrogen in gums is 32.24 and 52.84%, respectively, indicating that the nitrogen atoms in the gums mainly exist in the form of pyridine. After oxidation, the content of the nonalkaline pyrrole nitrogen in the existent gum decreased from 19.18 to 8.09%, which shows that the nonalkaline nitrogen compounds have been significantly reduced during the oxidation process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It can be seen from Table that the oxygen elements in the two gums mainly exist in the form of CO, C–O–C, and COO– bonds, and the relative content of COO– bonds after oxidation is significantly reduced. Carboxylic acid, as an organic acid, catalyzes the auto-oxidation process of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds in fuel oils and participates in the reaction of gum formation, which may be the reason for the further increase of the gum content after oxidation . The content of strongly basic pyridine nitrogen in gums is 32.24 and 52.84%, respectively, indicating that the nitrogen atoms in the gums mainly exist in the form of pyridine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure Characterization and Solubility Analysis of the Existent Gum of the Fischer–Tropsch Synthetic Crude

et al. 2020

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The existent gum content of the Fisher–Tropsch synthetic crude exceeded the standard seriously, affecting its transportation and use. To determine the structure of the existent gum extracted from the Fisher–Tropsch synthetic crude, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to determine the chemical structure of the gum. The Brown–Ladner method is used to calculate the average structural parameters and the average molecular formula of the existent gum. The results show that the existent gum of the Fisher–Tropsch synthetic crude is composed of heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and short-carbon paraffins. Compared with petroleum gums and coal tar gums, the existent gum content of the Fisher–Tropsch synthetic crude has the characteristics of high aromaticity, short side chains, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. After being oxidized, its aromaticity further increases, more closed loops are formed, and the side chain is further shortened. This is caused by a complex oxidation reaction during the oxidation process. Molecular dynamics simulation calculations were performed to reveal the T-stacked morphology of the existent gum of the Fisher–Tropsch synthetic crude in a mixed solvent of acetone and toluene.

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“…Fuel storage stability may be assessed by a range of techniques including induction times, peroxide formation and sediment formation [5][6][7][8][9]. Those chosen for this study were oxidation induction time and peroxide formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oxidative stability of synthetic fuels and fuel blends with monoaromatic blending components

Rawson

Stansfield

Webster

et al. 2015

Fuel

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The Instability of Storage of Middle Distillate Fuels: A Review

Abstract: The author reviews the research studies that have been so far carried out and reported in the literature on the stability of middle distillate fuels. The emphasis is mainly given to understand the stability of diesel fuels. It has been divided into five principle sections: (a)

Cited by 13 publications

References 42 publications

Effect of Aging in Nitrogen and Air on the Properties of Biocrude Produced by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Spirulina

Effect of Aging in Nitrogen and Air on the Properties of Biocrude Produced by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Spirulina

Structure Characterization and Solubility Analysis of the Existent Gum of the Fischer–Tropsch Synthetic Crude

The oxidative stability of synthetic fuels and fuel blends with monoaromatic blending components

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