The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling

O’Connor, J.A.; Lanyon, Lance E.; MacFie, H.J.H.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(82)90092-6

Cited by 423 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The increase in modulus from 5 to 13 weeks indicates that the bony ingrowth may have conferred some structural rigidity to the damaged struts, particularly in batch B implants where the modulus was restored to its original value. Furthermore, remodelling within normal bone is believed to be in response to microfractures and changes in the mechanical environment occurring within the bone, [41][42][43] and the observed cellular infiltration of the ceramic struts (Fig. 6) and microfracture repair (Figs.…”

Section: Mechanical Mediation Of Osseointegration?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediation of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyapatite bone graft substitutes

Hing

Best

Tanner

et al. 2003

J Biomedical Materials Res

191

137

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Abstract:Previous investigations have shown that both the early biological response and the mechanical properties of a porous hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute are highly sensitive to its pore structure. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the pore structure continued to influence bone integration in the medium to long term. Two screened batches of porous hydroxyapatite (PHA) designated as batch A and batch B, with porosities of ϳ60 and 80%, respectively, were selected for this study and implanted for periods of 5, 13, and 26 weeks into the lower femur of New Zealand White rabbits. Histomorphometric analysis of the absolute volume of bone ingrowth within batch A and B implants from 5 to 26 weeks showed that the absolute volume of bone ingrowth was consistently lower in batch A (10 -21%), compared to batch B implants (24 -31%). However, when the volume of bone ingrowth was normalised for the available pore space, this difference was reduced (23-47% and 32-42% for batches A and B, respectively). These observations suggest that differences in the volume of bone ingrowth initially depended on pore interconnectivity rather than pore size, whereas the volume or morphology of the PHA influenced the volume and morphology of bone ingrowth at later time points. Compression testing showed that bone ingrowth had a strong reinforcing effect on PHA bone graft substitutes, and a strong correlation was identified between mechanical properties and the absolute volume of ingrowth for both batches A and B. Furthermore, at 13 and 26 weeks, there was no significant variation in the ultimate compressive strength of integrated batch A and B implants. This similarity in ultimate mechanical properties indicated that the absolute volume of ingrowth may be mediated by the PHA structure through its impact on the dynamics of the local biomechanical environment. The results of push-out testing showed that fixation of PHA bone graft substitutes was independent of density within the range studied, with no significant difference in the interfacial shear stress between batches A and B at each time point throughout the study.

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Section: Mechanical Mediation Of Osseointegration?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediation of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyapatite bone graft substitutes

Hing

Best

Tanner

et al. 2003

J Biomedical Materials Res

191

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Bone's sensitivity to mechanical demands in the "positive" direction is well illustrated by studies that show that the humerae in the "playing" arms of elite tennis players have 35% thicker cortices than the arm that simply throws the ball into the air, emphasizing the extent, and site specificity of the response (Jones et al, 1977;Haapasalo et al, 2000;Kontulainen et al, 2003). Exercise studies have shown that certain degrees of loading must be exceeded to elucidate changes (MacKelvie et al, 2003) and that the degree of the response is determined not only by the magnitude of the load (Rubin and Lanyon, 1985), but the rate (O'Connor et al, 1982), cycle number (Rubin and Lanyon, 1984a), and even the frequency of the load (Rubin and McLeod, 1994;Qin et al, 1998), emphasizing that "load" can be anabolic to bone, but that the relationship between loading and adaptation is complex, and that beyond deformation, such as fluid flow and streaming potentials, may help mediate the mechanical challenge into an adaptive response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone

Rubin

Jacobs

2006

Gene

400

303

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Bone tissue has the capacity to adapt to its functional environment such that its morphology is "optimized" for the mechanical demand. The adaptive nature of the skeleton poses an interesting set of biological questions (e.g., how does bone sense mechanical signals, what cells are the sensing system, what are the mechanical signals that drive the system, what receptors are responsible for transducing the mechanical signal, what are the molecular responses to the mechanical stimuli). Studies of the characteristics of the mechanical environment at the cellular level, the forces that bone cells recognize, and the integrated cellular responses are providing new information at an accelerating speed. This review first considers the mechanical factors that are generated by loading in the skeleton, including strain, stress and pressure. Mechanosensitive cells placed to recognize these forces in the skeleton, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and cells of the vasculature are reviewed. The identity of the mechanoreceptor(s) is approached, with consideration of ion channels, integrins, connexins, the lipid membrane including caveolar and noncaveolar lipid rafts and the possibility that altering cell shape at the membrane or cytoskeleton alters integral signaling protein associations. The distal intracellular signaling systems on-line after the mechanoreceptor is activated are reviewed, including those emanating from G-proteins (e.g., intracellular calcium shifts), MAPKs, and nitric oxide. The ability to harness mechanical signals to improve bone health through devices and exercise is broached. Increased appreciation of the importance of the mechanical environment in regulating and determining the structural efficacy of the skeleton makes this an exciting time for further exploration of this area.

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“…(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) Furthermore, activities with a high strain and a strain applied at a high rate and at different angles are the most effective load for increasing BMD, whereas the duration of the activity, calculated as minutes of physical activity per day, seems to be of minor importance. (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) Soccer exercise has most of the beneficial effects described above, and individuals subjected to soccer exercise during growth and adolescence, both men and women, are reported to have 1-2 SD higher BMD in weight-loaded regions in comparison with controls. (13)(14)(15)(16)(17) This benefit would likely more than halve the fracture risk if retained into old age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Training Is Associated With Increased Loss of BMD

Valdimarsson

Alborg

Düppe

et al. 2005

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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This 8-year controlled, follow-up study in 66 Swedish soccer women evaluated the effect of training and reduced training on BMD. The players who retired during the follow-up lost BMD in the femoral neck, whereas the controls did not.Introduction: Physical activity during adolescence increases BMD, but whether the benefits are retained with reduced activity is controversial. Materials and Methods: At baseline, DXA evaluated BMD in 48 active female soccer players with a mean age of 18.2 ± 4.4 (SD) years, in 18 former female soccer players with a mean age of 43.2 ± 6.2 years and retired for a mean of 9.4 ± 5.3 years, and in 64 age-and sex-matched controls. The soccer women were remeasured after a mean of 8.0 ± 0.3 years, when 35 of the players active at baseline had been retired for a mean of 5.3 ± 1.6 years. Results and Conclusions:The players still active at follow-up had a higher BMD at baseline than the matched controls in the femoral neck (FN; 1.13 ± 0.19 versus 1.00 ± 0.13 g/cm

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The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling

Cited by 423 publications

References 13 publications

Mediation of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyapatite bone graft substitutes

Mediation of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyapatite bone graft substitutes

Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone

Reduced Training Is Associated With Increased Loss of BMD

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