The Influence of Shade and Organic Fertilizer Treatments on the Physiology and Establishment of Theobroma cacao Clones

Acheampong, Kofi; Hadley, P.; Daymond, Andrew; Adu-Yeboah, Patricia

doi:10.9734/ajea/2015/15206

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…As a consequence, photosynthesis rates were higher in the wet season for cacao under medium and light shade. Results from one crop year for the same genotypes grown under three shade levels provided by plants and under fertilizer application, showed that a higher stomatal conductance was related to an increase in shade but only for two genotypes [63]. However, the opposite trend is observed in our study where stomatal conductance decreases with higher shade considering the overall results, as well as specific values for SCA-6 cacao genotype (Table 3).…”

Section: Physiological Parameters Influenced By Shadesupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Moreover, Acheampong et al [63], reported that no clear pattern was observed for leaf chlorophyll in cacao genotypes grown under three shade levels provided by plants and under fertilizer application. Our results show either a reduction of leaf chlorophyll content while PPFD increases or little variation between shade levels (Table 3).…”

Section: Physiological Parameters Influenced By Shadementioning

confidence: 98%

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Growth, Physiological, Nutrient Uptake Efficiency and Shade Tolerance Responses of Cacao Genotypes under Different Shades

Gardini¹,

Farfán²,

Barraza³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Cacao is an understory plant cultivated under full-sun monocultures to multi-strata agroforestry systems, where cocoa trees are planted together with fruit, timber, firewood, and leguminous trees, or grown within thinned native forests. Under agroforestry systems of cultivation, cacao is subjected to excess shade due to high density of shade trees, and overgrown or unmanaged pruning of shade trees. Cacao is tolerant to shade, and the maximum photosynthetic rate occurs around irradiance of 400 μmol m−2 s−1 but excess shade reduces the irradiance further which is detrimental to photosynthesis and growth functions. Intra-specific variation is known to exist in cacao for the required saturation irradiance. A greenhouse study was implemented with 58 cacao genotypes selected from four geographically diverse groups: (i) wild cacao from river basins of the Peruvian Amazon, (PWC), (ii) Peruvian farmers’ collection (PFC), (iii) Brazilian cacao collection (BCC) and (iv) national and international cacao collections (NIC). All the cacao genotypes were subjected to 50% and 80% shade where photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 1000 and 400 μmol m-2 ּs-1 respectively. Intra-specific variations were observed for growth, physiological and nutritional traits, and tolerance to shade. Cacao genotypes tolerant to shade were: UNG-77 and UGU-130 from PWC; ICT-2173, ICT-2142, ICT-2172, ICT-1506, ICT-1087, and ICT-2171 from the PFC; PH-21, CA-14, PH-990 and PH-144 from BCC; and ICS-1, ICS-39, UF-613 and POUND-12 from NIC. Genotypes that tolerate excess shade might be useful plant types to maintain productivity and sustainability in agroforestry systems of cacao management.

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Section: Physiological Parameters Influenced By Shadesupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Physiological Parameters Influenced By Shadementioning

confidence: 98%

Growth, Physiological, Nutrient Uptake Efficiency and Shade Tolerance Responses of Cacao Genotypes under Different Shades

Gardini¹,

Farfán²,

Barraza³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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show abstract

“…According to Beer et al (1997), shade systems are likely to be most effective in hot, dry climates where they can help to create more favourable growing conditions through modification of the microclimate. Acheampong et al (2013Acheampong et al ( , 2015 reported higher g s and photosynthetic rates during the dry season in cacao trees grown under heavy shade compared to those grown under lighter shade, but the opposite effect occurred during the wet season. These observations are likely to be due to lower VPD being maintained within the canopy in the heavy shade regime.…”

Section: Irradiancementioning

confidence: 93%

The physiological responses of cacao to the environment and the implications for climate change resilience. A review

Lahive

Hadley

Daymond

2018

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

145

109

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Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a tropical perennial crop which is of great economic importance to the confectionary industry and to the economies of many countries of the humid tropics where it is grown. Some recent studies have suggested that climate change could severely impact cacao production in West Africa. It is essential to incorporate our understanding of the physiology and genetic variation within cacao germplasm when discussing the implications of climate change on cacao productivity and developing strategies for climate resilience in cacao production. Here, we review the current research on the physiological responses of cacao to various climate factors. Our main findings are as follows: (1) water limitation causes significant yield reduction in cacao, but genotypic variation in sensitivity is evident; (2) in the field, cacao experiences higher temperatures than is often reported in the literature; (3) the complexity of the cacao/shade tree interaction can lead to contradictory results; (4) elevated CO 2 may alleviate some negative effects of climate change; (5) implementation of mitigation strategies can help reduce environmental stress; and (6) significant gaps in the research need addressing to accelerate the development of climate resilience. Harnessing the significant genetic variation apparent within cacao germplasm is essential to develop modern varieties capable of high yields in non-optimal conditions. Mitigation strategies will also be essential, but to use shading to best effect shade tree selection is crucial to avoid resource competition. Cacao is often described as being sensitive to climate change, but genetic variation, adaptive responses, appropriate mitigation strategies and interactive climate effects should all be considered when predicting the future of cacao production. Incorporating these physiological responses to various environmental conditions and developing a deeper understanding of the processes underlying these responses will help to accelerate the development of a more resource use efficient tree ensuring sustainable production into the future.

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“…Almeida and Valle [63] and Daymond and Hadley [59] reported a consistent decline in chlorophyll content with increasing light in three cacao genotypes, and this factor can vary considerably over time. Moreover, Acheampong et al [64] reported that no clear pattern was observed for leaf chlorophyll in cacao genotypes grown under three shade levels provided by plants and under fertilizer application. Our results show either a reduction in leaf chlorophyll content as PPFD increases or little variation between shade levels (Table 3 and Table S2).…”

Section: Physiological Parameters Influenced By Shadementioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, Physiological, Nutrient-Uptake-Efficiency and Shade-Tolerance Responses of Cacao Genotypes under Different Shades

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cacao is an understory plant cultivated in full-sun monocultures, multistrata agroforestry systems, where cacao trees are planted together with fruit, timber, firewood, and leguminous trees, or within thinned native forests. In agroforestry systems of cultivation, cacao is subjected to excess shade due to high density, excess growth, and the unmanaged pruning of shade trees. Cacao is tolerant to shade, and the maximum photosynthetic rate occurs at an irradiance of around 400 μmol m−2 s−1. However, excess shade further reduces the irradiance, which is detrimental to photosynthesis and growth functions. Intra-specific variation is known to exist in cacao for the required saturation irradiance. A greenhouse study was implemented with 58 cacao genotypes selected from four geographically diverse groups: (i) wild cacao from river basins of the Peruvian Amazon (PWC); (ii) Peruvian farmers’ collection (PFC); (iii) Brazilian cacao collection (BCC); and (iv) national and international cacao collections (NIC). All of the cacao genotypes were subjected to 50% and 80% shade where photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 1000 and 400 μmol m−2 ּs−1, respectively. Intra-specific variations were observed for growth, physiological and nutritional traits, and tolerance to shade. Cacao genotypes tolerant to shade were: UNG-77 and UGU-130 from PWC; ICT-2173, ICT-2142, ICT-2172, ICT-1506, ICT-1087, and ICT-2171 from PFC; PH-21, CA-14, PH-990, and PH-144 from BCC; and ICS-1, ICS-39, UF-613, and POUND-12 from NIC. Genotypes that tolerate excess shade may be useful plant types for maintaining productivity and sustainability in agroforestry systems of cacao management.

show abstract

The Influence of Shade and Organic Fertilizer Treatments on the Physiology and Establishment of Theobroma cacao Clones

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Growth, Physiological, Nutrient Uptake Efficiency and Shade Tolerance Responses of Cacao Genotypes under Different Shades

Growth, Physiological, Nutrient Uptake Efficiency and Shade Tolerance Responses of Cacao Genotypes under Different Shades

The physiological responses of cacao to the environment and the implications for climate change resilience. A review

Growth, Physiological, Nutrient-Uptake-Efficiency and Shade-Tolerance Responses of Cacao Genotypes under Different Shades

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