The Influence of Sex of Child on Parental Reactions to Toddler Children

Fagot, Beverly I.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1978.tb02336.x

Cited by 92 publications

(128 citation statements)

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“…This is a particularly interesting period in which to study these issues. Parental socialization of gendered traits, such as children's toy and activity choices, peaks around the preschool years (Fagot, 1978;Lytton & Romney, 1991). In addition, gender differences in anger expression emerge during the preschool period (Keenan & Shaw, 1997).…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas the level of girls' expressions of submissive emotions with their parents remained stable, boys' expressions of sadness and anxiety decreased by 50% from preschool to school age. This may reflect the fact that pressures to conform to gender roles are most intense before and during the entry to school because of increased pressure from parents (Fagot, 1978;Lytton & Romney, 1991) and the added socialization influences of teachers and peers (Keenan & Shaw, 1997).…”

Section: Gender Differences In Children's Emotion Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children's nonverbal emotion expressions were coded using a system based on Cole, Zahn-Waxler, and Smith (1994). Children's expressions were categorized as happy, angry, or sad-anxious (cues for the latter two emotion expressions were coded into one category) using facial, vocal, and postural cues derived from previous research on the nonverbal cues of basic emotions (e.g., Ekman & Friesen, 1975, 1978Izard, 1979;Scherer, 1986). Anger cues included brow furrow, lip press, clenched jaw, harsh voice, plosive quality to words spoken, and finger jabbing/pointing.…”

Section: Observational Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parental Socialization of Emotion Expression: Gender Differences and Relations to Child Adjustment.

Chaplin

Cole

Zahn‐Waxler

2005

Emotion

465

379

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The present study examined gender differences in children's submissive and disharmonious emotions and parental attention to these emotions. Sixty children and their mothers and fathers participated when children were 4 and 6 years old. Children's emotion expression and parental responses during a game were coded. Girls expressed more submissive emotion than boys. Fathers attended more to girls' submissive emotion than to boys' at preschool age. Fathers attended more to boys' disharmonious emotion than to girls' at early school age. Parental attention at preschool age predicted later submissive expression level. Child disharmonious emotion predicted later externalizing symptoms. Gender differences in these emotions may occur as early as preschool age and may be subject to differential responding, particularly by fathers.

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Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gender Differences In Children's Emotion Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Observational Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Parental Socialization of Emotion Expression: Gender Differences and Relations to Child Adjustment.

Chaplin

Cole

Zahn‐Waxler

2005

Emotion

465

379

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“…Studies in the Lytton and Romney (1991) metaanalysis that supported differential reinforcement by parents of sex-typed activities included work by Fagot (1978) and by Langlois and Downs (1980). Fagot observed children playing at home with their parents and found that parents responded differently to their sons and daughters.…”

Section: Social Reinforcement Of Gender Role Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Hormones and Postnatal Socialization by Parents as Determinants of Male‐Typical Toy Play in Girls With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

et al. 2005

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Toy choices of 3‐ to 10‐year‐old children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and of their unaffected siblings were assessed. Also assessed was parental encouragement of sex‐typed toy play. Girls with CAH displayed more male‐typical toy choices than did their unaffected sisters, whereas boys with and without CAH did not differ. Mothers and fathers encouraged sex‐typical toy play in children with and without CAH. However, girls with CAH received more positive feedback for play with girls' toys than did unaffected girls. Data show that increased male‐typical toy play by girls with CAH cannot be explained by parental encouragement of male‐typical toy play. Although parents encourage sex‐appropriate behavior, their encouragement appears to be insufficient to override the interest of girls with CAH in cross‐sexed toys.

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“…Sua influência neste processo supera a possível intervenção de fatores como pares ou a escola (Pellett & Ignico, 1993). Para Fagot (1978), muitos dos efeitos de socialização dos pais são estabelecidos de maneira bastante sutil e estão relacionados ao feedback que as próprias crianças oferecem aos mesmos (Fagot e Leinbach, 1989;Fisher-Thompson, 1990).…”

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A influência da socialização primária na construção da identidade de gênero: percepções dos pais

Costa¹,

Antoniazzi²

1999

Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto)

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RESUMO: A teoria da aprendizagem social sugere que a aquisição da identidade de gênero é o resultado de um processo evolutivo. Os pais são apontados como os maiores responsáveis pela aquisição da identidade e dos estereótipos de papel de gênero de seus filhos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da socialização primária na construção da identidade de gênero das crianças, através das percepções dos pais. Foram entrevistados 11 pais, 9 mulheres e 2 homens, com idade entre 23 e 40 anos. Os resultados demonstram que a influência dos pais é sutil e que suas crenças sobre papel de gênero determinam diferentes expectativas com relação aos seus filhos e filhas, bem como influenciam o comportamento expresso pelas crianças.Palavras-chave: identidade de gênero, tipificação, papel de gênero PARENTAL SOCIALIZATION AND GENDER IDENTITY:parents' perception ABSTRACT: Social learning theory suggests that gender identity and sex role stereotypes are outcomes of the developmental process. The influence of the parental socialization about the acquisition of gender identity is considered extremely important. The purposes of the present study were to investigate how parents perceive their influence on this developmental process. Nine mothers and two fathers were interviewed. The results indicate that parental beliefs about sex roles determine different behavioral expectations for sons and daughters and give different patterns of responses to them.Key words: gender identity, sex type, sex role stereotype A identidade de gênero é o elemento chave no desenvolvimento da personalidade. Influencia o modo de ser, agir e pensar dos indivíduos e constitui¬ se no conjunto de crenças, atitudes e estereótipos do indivíduo acerca de gênero, que têm origem em antecedentes biológicos, psicológicos e sociais (Papalia & Olds, 1998). O processo de construção da identidade de gênero tem importância fundamental para o desenvolvimento dos indivíduos, pois determina interesses, atitudes e comportamentos que o acompanharão ao longo da vida. O ponto de maior interesse sobre este tema refere-se à maneira pela qual ocorre a formação do conceito de identidade de gênero, através da qual os indivíduos irão perceber a existência da diferença sexual, posteriormente identificando-se como homens ou mulheres.Freud (1931) abordou esta questão caracterizando a identificação de gênero como resultado da resolução dos conflitos edípicos, em que as crianças se identificariam com o genitor de mesmo sexo, e elegeriam como objeto amoroso o genitor de sexo oposto. Este processo de identificação iniciarse-ia com a descoberta da diferença anatômica entre os sexos, que ocorreria a partir dos 3 anos de idade.Segundo teóricos da aprendizagem social, a identificação de gênero é conseqüência da observação e imitação de um modelo, que pode ser os pais ou outras pessoas (Bandura & Hudson, 1961). Quando imitam, as crianças são reforçadas por apresentarem comportamentos adequados ao seu sexo, e são punidas ou não reforçadas quando apresentam comportamentos considerados, soc...

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The Influence of Sex of Child on Parental Reactions to Toddler Children

Cited by 92 publications

References 1 publication

Parental Socialization of Emotion Expression: Gender Differences and Relations to Child Adjustment.

Parental Socialization of Emotion Expression: Gender Differences and Relations to Child Adjustment.

Prenatal Hormones and Postnatal Socialization by Parents as Determinants of Male‐Typical Toy Play in Girls With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A influência da socialização primária na construção da identidade de gênero: percepções dos pais

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