“…Researchers advocate for the use of questionnaires because they are easy to administer and can assess the whole organization's leanness. Questionnaires were used by (Nawanir et al, 2016;Adetunji, 2019a, 2019b;Marodin et al, 2017;Pozo et al, 2018;Prasad et al, 2016;Godinho Filho et al, 2016;Marodin et al, 2016). Leanness measurement methods involved structural equation modelling (Maware and Adetunji, 2019a;Nawanir et al, 2016;Pozo et al, 2018;Godinho Filho et al, 2016), regression models (Marodin et al, 2018;El-Khalil, 2020), correlation analysis (Prasad et al, 2016), propensity score matching (Shi et al, 2019) and multivariate analysis of variance (Marodin et al, 2016)…”