The influence of a solvent on the crystal morphology of RDX

Horst, Joop H. ter; Geertman, R.M.; Heijden, A.E.D.M. van der; Rosmalen, G.M. van

doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(98)01157-9

Cited by 65 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For RDX, acetone is a favorable solvent to use since RDX crystals from acetone have a compact shape [13]. Moreover, acetone is a (slightly) conductive solvent which allows to electrospray the solution.…”

Section: Single-nozzle Electrospray Crystallization Operation Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospray Crystallization for High‐Quality Submicron‐Sized Crystals

et al. 2011

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Nano-and submicron-sized crystals are too small to contain inclusions and are, therefore, expected to have a higher internal quality compared to conventionally sized particles (several tens to hundreds of microns). Using electrospray crystallization, nano-and submicron-sized crystals can be easily produced. With the aid of electrospray crystallization, a mist of ultrafine solution droplets is generated and subsequent solvent evaporation leads to crystallization of submicron-sized crystals. Using cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) solutions in acetone, the conditions for a stable and continuous jet were established. At relatively small nozzle diameters and relatively low potential differences, hollow spheres of RDX crystals were observed. At a higher nozzle diameter and potential difference and in the region of a continuous jet, RDX crystals with an average size of around 400 nm could be produced. In order to test the quality of the submicron-sized energetic material, impact and friction sensitivity tests were carried out. The test results indicate that the submicron-sized product had reduced friction sensitivity, indicating a higher internal quality of the crystalline product.

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Section: Single-nozzle Electrospray Crystallization Operation Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospray Crystallization for High‐Quality Submicron‐Sized Crystals

et al. 2011

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“…14 The results of this analysis were used to perform molecular modeling calculations to predict or explain solvent effects on the RDX crystal morphology. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Figure 2 shows some typical examples of RDX crystals grown from different organic sol- vents. 14,[16][17][18] These experiments were carried out in the small scale setup using ampules containing ∼20 mL of an RDX solution.…”

Section: Crystallizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Figure 2 shows some typical examples of RDX crystals grown from different organic sol- vents. 14,[16][17][18] These experiments were carried out in the small scale setup using ampules containing ∼20 mL of an RDX solution. The changes in the shape of the crystals can arise from solvent/surface interactions, variations in supersaturation, and the presence of (unintentional) impurities in the system.…”

Section: Crystallizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallization and Characterization of RDX, HMX, and CL-20

Heijden¹,

Bouma²

2004

Crystal Growth & Design

192

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In this paper, a selection of the results obtained on the crystallization of the energetic materials RDX, HMX, and CL-20 will be briefly reported. Furthermore, the shock sensitivity of these explosives, when incorporated in a so-called plastic bonded explosive (PBX), will be discussed in more detail. One of the most important results is a direct correlation between the mean density of the energetic material and the shock sensitivity of the PBX containing this explosive. This implies that, similar to many other solid materials, the ability to control the product quality is also one of the major key factors playing a role during the crystallization of these energetic materials.

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“…The crystal structure characteristics RDX, HMX and CL-20 are influenced by crystallization method, solvent and crystallization conditions [2,3,[5][6][7]. The different crystal structure RDX, HMX and CL-20 samples with various crystal apparent densities, particle sizes and distributions, and crystal morphologies were prepared by cooling crystallization, precipitation and evaporation under various conditions, respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal growth and influence of the crystal structure characteristics on the shock sensitivities of RDX, HMX and CL-20 nitramine explosives

Li¹,

Xu²,

Kang³

et al. 2013

Acta Cryst Sect A

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Three typical nitramine explosives of cyclotrimethlyene trinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethlyene tetranitramine (HMX) and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatet ra-cyclo [5,5,0,0 3,11 0 5,9 ] dodecane (CL-20) are applied in many weapons due to their good properties and performance. Their crystal particle structure characteristics are closely related to processability including rheology, hazard, processing technique as well as final applications such as solid load, shock sensitivity, ballistics, mechanical properties [1][2][3][4][5]. Shock sensitivity is an important performance of explosives. In this paper, our aim is to study the relationship bewteen crystal structure characteristics and shock sensitivity , which guide the preparation of differently qualified crystals of RDX, HMX and CL-20, and other explosives.The crystal structure characteristics RDX, HMX and CL-20 are influenced by crystallization method, solvent and crystallization conditions [2,3,[5][6][7]. The different crystal structure RDX, HMX and CL-20 samples with various crystal apparent densities, particle sizes and distributions, and crystal morphologies were prepared by cooling crystallization, precipitation and evaporation under various conditions, respectively. In order to exclude effects on shock sensitivity of the binder/crystal interface, binder porosity as much as possible, we adopted a new immersion molding method, in which the explosive crystals are immersed in rape oil or other liquid and extragranular porosities are completely removed. The shock sensitivities were determined by Large-Scale Gap Test （LSGT）, established in Chinese Military Testing Standard for shock sensitivity (GJB 772A-97-605.1A).As a result, it shows that (1) the immersion of crystals in liquid leads to sensitivity obviously decrease ; (2) for all three explosives, their shock sensitivities are lowered with increasing their crystal apparent densities and decreasing their particle sizes, and almost not affected by particle morphology; (3) the crystal twins are readily formed for HMX and the most distinct factor influencing its shock sensitivities; (4) it is found that the crystal apparent density affects most obviously the shock sensitivities for RDX and CL-20; and (5) CL-20, HMX and RDX are less and less sensitive to shock, suggesting chemical components are also a determining factor.

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The influence of a solvent on the crystal morphology of RDX

Cited by 65 publications

References 7 publications

Electrospray Crystallization for High‐Quality Submicron‐Sized Crystals

Electrospray Crystallization for High‐Quality Submicron‐Sized Crystals

Crystallization and Characterization of RDX, HMX, and CL-20

Crystal growth and influence of the crystal structure characteristics on the shock sensitivities of RDX, HMX and CL-20 nitramine explosives

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