We compare two recently developed methods to determine crystal nucleation rates in stirred solutions by using isonicotinamide (INA) in ethanol as an example. The two developed methods make use of the stochastic nature of crystal nucleation, which is reflected in induction time and metastable zone width variations measured in sufficiently small volumes. These methods give easy experimental access to the nucleation rate parameters in solution under industrially realistic crystallization conditions. While the metastable zone width method is less labor intensive, the induction time method has higher accuracy and is easier to analyze.

Process intensification (PI) is commonly seen as one of the most promising development paths for the chemical process industry and one of the most important progress areas for modern chemical engineering. Often illustrated with spectacular examples, process intensification struggles, however, with its definition and interpretation. Instead of narrowing the scientific discussion down to finding a commonly accepted definition of PI, it is more important to determine its position within chemical engineering and to identify its fundamentals. Accordingly, the paper presents a fundamental vision on process intensification. The vision encompasses four approaches in spatial, thermodynamic, functional, and temporal domains, which are used to realize four generic principles of PI. The approaches refer to all scales existing in chemical processes, from molecular to meso-and macroscale, and are illustrated with relevant examples with special attention given to the molecular scale.

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