The impact of weight loss on circulating cytokines in Beagle dogs

Adipose tissue macrophages in non-rodent mammals: a comparative study

“…Adipose tissue inflammation predisposes insulin resistance in mice and humans (Rosen and Spiegelman 2014); however, recent studies provide conflicting conclusions in dogs. A correlation between diabetes mellitus and serum levels of IL-6 has been shown in dogs and the reduction of visceral obesity has been demonstrated to cause a drop in several pro-inflammatory chemotactic cytokines and growth factors (Bastien et al 2015) and insulin resistance (Lottati et al 2009) in dogs. Nonetheless, the lack of a causal link between visceral obesity and insulin resistance has also been shown in dogs (Castro et al 2015).…”

“…They raise the question as to whether the findings obtained in mouse studies can be directly extrapolated to other mammalian species. Despite the finding that inflammation can also lead to metabolic impairment in other mammalian species (Basinska et al 2015), only a limited number of comparative studies of non-human primates and canines has explored the metabolic impact of adipose tissue inflammation (Chung et al 2014;Castro et al 2015;Bastien et al 2015). Thus, whether adipose tissue hosts immune cells in mammals other than rodents and primates and whether these immune cells have the ability to regulate metabolism remains elusive.…”

“…Obesity causes adipose tissue inflammation in cats ( Van de Velde et al 2013); however, a high-fat diet increases oxidative stress rather than inflammation in the adipose tissue in cats (Verbrugghe et al 2014). In dogs, lipid metabolites and liposomes increase inflammation (Szebeni et al 2007) and weight loss improves the inflammatory state (Bastien et al 2015). These findings suggest that lipid overload shifts ATMs into an inflammatory phenotype and that visceral obesity causes inflammation in dogs.…”

Metabolic Effects of Obesity and Its Interaction with Endocrine Diseases

“…79 Some studies have found increases in serum concentrations of inflammatory markers with canine obesity (eg, increased C-reactive protein and IL-6, but not TNF-a or IL-8 80 ), and some, but not all, studies have found decreases in such markers and other cytokines (cysteine-rich protein 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, haptoglobin, TNF-a) with weight loss. 15,36,54,81 As is the case for adipocytokines, differences among studies may be related to the assays used or characteristics of the patient population.…”

Increasing body condition score is positively associated interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in Labrador retrievers

“…There are currently discrepancies in certain adipokines and acute phase markers where contradicting research suggests that C-reactive protein is sometimes related to obesity status in dogs while others show no association (German et al, 2009;Eirmann et al, 2009;Wakshlag et al, 2011;Tvarijonaviciute et al, 2012b). Further confounding the issue is that many of the studies in obese dogs have shown that the values of common inflammatory biomarkers, such as IL-6, and TNF-␣ are often below the lower limit of detection (German et al, 2009;Wakshlag et al, 2011;Tvarijonaviciute et al, 2012b;Bastien et al, 2015). This inefficiency in properly detecting some canine cytokines adds to the ambiguity and disparity of results, in large part due to the difficulties in measuring cytokines in plasma or serum.…”