The Impact of HIV Coinfection on Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis

Abstract

HIV infection is widespread throughout the world and is especially prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Similarly, Plasmodium falciparum, the most common cause of severe malaria, affects large areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. Although initial studies suggested that HIV and malaria had independent impact upon patient outcomes, recent studies have indicated a more significant interaction. Clinical studies have shown that people infected with HIV have more frequent and severe episodes of malaria, and parameters of HIV disease progression worsen in individuals during acute malaria episodes. However, the effect of HIV on development of cerebral malaria, a manifestation of P. falciparum infection that is frequently fatal, has not been characterized. We review clinical and basic science studies pertaining to HIV and malaria coinfection and cerebral malaria in particular in order to highlight the likely role HIV plays in exacerbating cerebral malaria pathogenesis.

Malaria and HIV co-infection and their effect on haemoglobin levels from three healthcare institutions in Lagos, southwest Nigeria

“…In another study, assessing haematological predictors of increased severe anaemia in Kenyan children, the authors indicated that malaria/HIV-1 co-infection was characterized by more profound anaemia and increased mortality 32 . In addition, patients infected with HIV have more frequent and severe episodes of malaria 33 . Our data showed no differences in the prevalence of patients with parasitaemia between HIV seropositive and sero-negative patients who used antimalarial drug two weeks prior to the study.…”

Toxoplasma gondii Upregulates Interleukin-12 To Prevent Plasmodium berghei-Induced Experimental Cerebral Malaria

“…Additionally, investigating the immune response during coinfection, either with other Plasmodium spp. (28,29), helminths (30)(31)(32)(33), or LP-BM5, the murine leukemia virus that induces murine AIDS (30,34), has allowed the identification of immune components necessary for protection from ECM.…”

Avaliação do papel do receptor imune inato dectina-1 e antígenos solúveis de neospora caninum no tratamento da malária cerebral murina

“…Assim, para que se busque o entendimento dos processos imunes e parasitológicos relacionados à patologia da malária cerebral, os modelos murinos têm sido amplamente empregados (FAUCONNIER et al, 2012;AMANI et al, 2000;ENGWERDA et al, 2002;PENET et al, 2008;FRANLIN et al, 2011;HOCHMAN et al, 2012;BUCHER et al, 2011;ECKWALANGA et al, 1994). Neste capítulo, nós utilizamos o modelo de malária cerebral em camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 para estudo de processos ligados a parasitos, no caso Neospora caninum, que possam ser promissores no desenvolvimento de medidas terapêuticas contra malária cerebral, uma vez que diferentes estudos mostram papeis protetores contra malária cerebral observado em protocolos de coinfecção ou mesmo tratamento com antígenos de diferentes parasitos NIIKURA et al, 2010;VOZA et al, 2005;HOCHMAN et al, 2012;SPECHT et al, 2010).…”

“…Neste capítulo, nós utilizamos o modelo de malária cerebral em camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 para estudo de processos ligados a parasitos, no caso Neospora caninum, que possam ser promissores no desenvolvimento de medidas terapêuticas contra malária cerebral, uma vez que diferentes estudos mostram papeis protetores contra malária cerebral observado em protocolos de coinfecção ou mesmo tratamento com antígenos de diferentes parasitos NIIKURA et al, 2010;VOZA et al, 2005;HOCHMAN et al, 2012;SPECHT et al, 2010).…”

“…Diversos estudos tem apresentado dados interessantes sobre coinfecção de diferentes cepas de Plasmodium spp (NIIKURA et al, 2010;VOZA et al, 2005), com helmintos (HOCHMAN et al, 2012;AMANTE et al, 2010;BUCHER et al, 2011;SPECHT et al, 2010), vírus da leucemia murina (LP-BM5, semelhante ao quadro de AIDS) (HOCHMAN et al, 2012;ECKWALANGA et al, 1994), e que muitas vezes apresentam potenciais formas para o controle dos sinais neurológicos da malária.…”