The impact and acceptability of Canadian-style cigarette warning labels among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers

Peters, Ellen; Römer, Daniel; Slovic, Paul; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Wharfield, Leisha; Mertz, C. K.; Carpenter, Stephanie M.

doi:10.1080/14622200701239639

Cited by 119 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…It is very likely that feeling states contribute to (but are not necessary for) preference formation, such that positive feeling states associated with stimuli contribute to the creation of positive gist and negative feeling states contribute to the creation of negative gist (e.g., Schwarz & Clore, 2003, see below). For example, graphic cigarette warning labels used in Canada were most effective in reducing smoking among individuals who reported greater fear and disgust in response to the warnings (Hammond, Fong, McDonald, Brown, & Cameron, 2005; see also Peters et al, 2007). As summarized in the next section, there is evidence that feeling states, both integral and incidental to a stimulus, determine judgment and decision making.…”

Section: Valencementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk taking under the influence: A fuzzy-trace theory of emotion in adolescence

Rivers

Reyna

Mills

2008

Developmental Review

199

228

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Fuzzy-trace theory explains risky decision making in children, adolescents, and adults, incorporating social and cultural factors as well as differences in impulsivity. Here, we provide an overview of the theory, including support for counterintuitive predictions (e.g., when adolescents "rationally" weigh costs and benefits, risk taking increases, but it decreases when the core gist of a decision is processed). Then, we delineate how emotion shapes adolescent risk taking-from encoding of representations of options, to retrieval of values/principles, to application of those values/principles to representations of options. Our review indicates that: (i) Gist representations often incorporate emotion including valence, arousal, feeling states, and discrete emotions; and (ii) Emotion determines whether gist or verbatim representations are processed. We recommend interventions to reduce unhealthy risk-taking that inculcate stable gist representations, enabling adolescents to identify quickly and automatically danger even when experiencing emotion, which differs sharply from traditional approaches emphasizing deliberation and precise analysis. Keywords adolescence; risk taking; fuzzy-trace theory; decision making; emotion; affect; mood; memory It seems oxymoronic to apply the term "decision making" to describe adolescent risk taking. After all, if adolescents were making decisions, perhaps they would not be getting into so much trouble. Adolescents appear to react rather than decide. But this view of decision making betrays an assumption that mature decision making is cold and deliberative, that it is the result of an intentional, analytical thinking process that eschews emotion (Nisbett & Ross, 1980). We argue just the opposite. Instead of assuming that development progresses from hot intuitive thinking to cold calculation bypassing emotion, we present research showing that intuition is developmentally advanced and that emotion is integral to intuition.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Valerie F. Reyna, Departments of Human Development and Psychology, Cornell University, B44 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853. Email: vr53@cornell.edu. Phone: (607) 255-9856. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptIn this article, we outline a theory of risk taking in adolescence-fuzzy-trace theory-that is grounded in research on how people represent, retrieve, and process information when they make decisions, and how decision making changes with d...

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Section: Valencementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk taking under the influence: A fuzzy-trace theory of emotion in adolescence

Rivers

Reyna

Mills

2008

Developmental Review

199

228

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“…For example, Kees et al (2006) find that the addition of a graphic visual to a textbased cigarette warning decreases the perceived attractiveness of the cigarette package. In addition, in a study of current text-based U.S. warnings versus current Canadian warnings (with combined text and graphic visuals), Peters et al (2007) show that the Canadian labels produce a greater negative response for U.S. adult smokers without any signs of defensive or reactive responses.…”

Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Graphic Visual Health Warnings Affect Young Smokers’ Thoughts of Quitting

Andrews

Netemeyer

Kees

et al. 2014

Journal of Marketing Research

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Two-thirds of adolescent and young adult smokers become lifetime smokers, and one-half of those lifetime smokers will die from this habit. The authors examine alternative persuasive pathways to thoughts of quitting taken by adolescent and young adult smokers when exposed to graphic visual health warnings on cigarette packages. For adolescent smokers, the authors find that graphic warnings and smoking frequency affect fear, and fear influences negative health beliefs about smoking, ultimately increasing thoughts of quitting. They also find that the graphic warning and a graphic warning smoking frequency interaction have incremental effects on quit thoughts beyond the effects of fear and negative health beliefs. Using a longitudinal design with a sample of young adult smokers, the authors find support for many of the adolescent smoker findings, particularly the incremental effects of graphicness and its interaction with smoking frequency. These similar results from diverse samples support the use of graphic visual warnings but suggest that effects are attenuated for those who smoke the most. The authors offer implications for countermarketing programs and public health policy.

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“…However, the research on cigarette warning labels shows that labels are effective in deterring cigarette smoking among college students (23)(24)(25). This research has also shown that the type of cigarette warning labels used (graphic images of disease, images of suffering with testimonials, or emotional tone) affects students differently depending on their smoking status (25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Review of hookah tobacco smoking among college students: policy implications and research recommendations

Gathuru¹,

Tarter²,

Klein‐Fedyshin

2015

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Background: About 30% of college students have smoked hookah tobacco. Although most students perceive this product to be innocuous and non-addictive, hookah tobacco increases the risk for disease and nicotine dependence. Currently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate the manufacture, distribution, or sale of hookah tobacco. Objective: Empirical literature pertaining to hookah tobacco smoking is reviewed with a focus on the implications for regulatory policy. Methods: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched to locate articles published in English. The literature search combined

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The impact and acceptability of Canadian-style cigarette warning labels among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers

Cited by 119 publications

References 31 publications

Risk taking under the influence: A fuzzy-trace theory of emotion in adolescence

Risk taking under the influence: A fuzzy-trace theory of emotion in adolescence

How Graphic Visual Health Warnings Affect Young Smokers’ Thoughts of Quitting

Review of hookah tobacco smoking among college students: policy implications and research recommendations

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