The imidazoles as immunosuppressive agents

Comparison of Oral Prednisone and Prednisone Combined with Metronidazole for Induction Therapy of Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Randomized-Controlled Trial

“…Antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulinic acid and metronidazole also might have direct anti-inflammatory effects independent of their antimicrobial activity, including suppression of cell-mediated immunity. [51][52][53] The clinical results of this study indicate a beneficial role for prednisone as part of an induction protocol in dogs with moderate to severe IBD. Both treatment arms resulted in significant reduction of CIBDAI scores after drug therapy with the greatest rate of remission observed in the monotherapy (prednisone) group.…”

“…Suppression of the microbiota might lead to down‐regulation of aberrant host responses directed against microbial antigens that trigger and perpetuate chronic mucosal injury. Antibiotics such as amoxicillin‐clavulinic acid and metronidazole also might have direct anti‐inflammatory effects independent of their antimicrobial activity, including suppression of cell‐mediated immunity 51–53 …”

Lactobacillus acidophilus INMIA 9602 Er-2 strain 317/402 probiotic regulates growth of commensal Escherichia coli in gut microbiota of familial Mediterranean fever disease subjects

“…Patients with FMF have used their regular anti‐inflammatory medication (colchicines, 1–2 g daily). In our previous study, we demonstrated that in vitro addition of metronidazole (the antibiotic prescribed in CD therapy), which is also known to suppress cellular immunity (Miller ), to the culture medium did not affect the growth parameters of E. coli isolated from healthy individuals (Pepoyan et al . ).…”

“…Patients with FMF have used their regular anti-inflammatory medication (colchicines, 1-2 g daily). In our previous study, we demonstrated that in vitro addition of metronidazole (the antibiotic prescribed in CD therapy), which is also known to suppress cellular immunity (Miller 1980), to the culture medium did not affect the growth parameters of E. coli isolated from healthy individuals (Pepoyan et al 2014). On the contrary, a statistically significant difference in growth parameters was observed in E. coli isolated from CD patients, grown in the presence of metronidazole as compared to the microorganisms' propagation in an antibiotic-free environment (Pepoyan et al 2014), clearly indicating differences in behaviour of commensal E. coli from healthy and diseased humans.…”

Selective Inhibition of Thromboxane Biosynthesis in Human Blood Mononuclear Cells and the Effects on Mitogen‐stimulated Lymphocyte Proliferation

“…The inhibition of lymphocyte activation by clotrimazole, observed in these experiments, could also contribute to its anti-arthritic effects, but does not seem attributable to inhibition of Tx synthesis, since comparable effects were not found using UK 37248 which produced a similar degree of inhibition of Tx synthesis. Benzimidazole inhibition of lymphocyte activation may be related to the reported immunosuppressive activities of benzimidazole derivatives (Miller, 1980) tions) but it is difficult to provide an adequate demonstration of effective receptor antagonism in such studies. Although Kelly and co-workers (1979) considered that Tx could be derived from lymphocytes, other investigators (Morley et al, 1979;Kennedy et al, 1980) found that cells of the monocyte/ macrophage series were the major and possibly sole source of cyclo-oxygenase products.…”