The identification and measurement of components in gasoline, kerosene, and no. 2 fuel oil that partition into the aqueous phase after mixing

Coleman, W. Emile; Munch, Jean W.; Streicher, Robert P.; Ringhand, H. P.; Kopfler, Frederick C.

doi:10.1007/bf01055874

Cited by 58 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…For the purpose of this computation, several assumptions were made as follows: (a) no cell growth; (b) organic compounds were mineralized to carbon di- SB GW, autoclaved control SB GW SB GW, NaNO 3 SB GW, NaNO 3 , nutr. SB GW, NaNO 3 , nutr., refinery sediment SB GW, NaNO 3 oxide; (c) nitrate was reduced to nitrite, which, if transformed, was reduced to nitrogen gas; and (d) sulfate was reduced to sulfide. Stoichiometric equations for these reactions (on a single electron basis) are presented in the Appendix.…”

Section: Initial Experimental Period (Days 0-39)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoaromatic hydrocarbon transformation under anaerobic conditions at seal beach, California: Laboratory studies

Ball

Reinhard

1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Anaerobic biotransformation of several aromatic hydrocarbons found in gasoline including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX) was studied in batch anaerobic laboratory microcosms. Aquifer sediment and ground water were obtained from the site of a historic gasoline spill at Seal Beach, California. Sulfate is present in the site ground water at 80 mg/ L, and sulfate-reducing activity appears to be the dominant intrinsic BTEX bioremediation process where nitrate is absent. In the laboratory, the microcosms were set up with different electron acceptors (sulfate and nitrate) in site ground water and various defined anaerobic media to estimate intrinsic biodegradation rates and to suggest conditions under which anaerobic bioremediation could be enhanced. In unamended microcosms, anaerobic biotransformation of toluene and mϩp-xylene (m-xylene and p-xylene were measured as a summed parameter) occurred at a rate of 7.2 and 4.1 g L Ϫ1 h Ϫ1 , respectively, with sulfate as the apparent electron acceptor. Addition of nitrate stimulated nitrate-reducing conditions and increased rates of toluene and mϩp-xylene biotransformation to 30.1 and 5.4 g L Ϫ1 h Ϫ1 , respectively. The catabolic substrate range was altered to include ethylbenzene in the nitrate-amended microcosms, suggesting an apparent preferential use of different BTEX compounds depending on the electron acceptor available. Under all the conditions studied, more than twice the amount of nitrate or sulfate was used than could be accounted for by the observed BTEX degradation. Benzene transformation was not observed under the conditions studied. Although methane was detected in microcosms prepared with anaerobic media lacking nitrate and sulfate, methanogenic biotransformation of BTEX compounds was not observed. The results of these experiments indicate that indigenous microorganisms from the Seal Beach aquifer have significant capability to degrade BTEX hydrocarbons and that intrinsic processes in the Seal Beach aquifer may remediate a portion of the hydrocarbon contamination in situ without intervention. However, the data also suggest that intervention by nitrate addition would enhance the rate and extent of anaerobic BTEX biotransformation.

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Section: Initial Experimental Period (Days 0-39)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoaromatic hydrocarbon transformation under anaerobic conditions at seal beach, California: Laboratory studies

Ball

Reinhard

1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The mono-aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) are putatively mutagenic or carcinogenic substances and make-up more than 50% by weight of the water-soluble gasoline fraction (Coleman et al 1984). Due to their relatively high solubility, they are mobile with the groundwater flow and form contaminant plumes in aquifers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of o -xylene and m -xylene by a novel sulfate-reducer belonging to the genus Desulfotomaculum

Morasch

Schink

Tebbe

et al. 2004

Archives of Microbiology

117

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A strictly anaerobic bacterium, strain OX39, was isolated with o-xylene as organic substrate and sulfate as electron acceptor from an aquifer at a former gasworks plant contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons. Apart from o-xylene, strain OX39 grew on m-xylene and toluene and all three substrates were oxidized completely to CO 2 . Induction experiments indicated that o-xylene, m-xylene, and toluene degradation were initiated by different specific enzymes. Methylbenzylsuccinate was identified in supernatants of cultures grown on o-xylene and m-xylene, and benzylsuccinate was detected in supernatants of toluene-grown cells, thus indicating that degradation was initiated in all three cases by fumarate addition to the methyl group. Strain OX39 was sensitive towards sulfide and depended on Fe(II) in the medium as a scavenger of the produced sulfide. Analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain OX39 affiliates with the gram-positive endospore-forming sulfate reducers of the genus Desulfotomaculum and is the first hydrocarbonoxidizing bacterium in this genus. Keywords Sulfate reduction · BTEX · Benzylsuccinate synthase · Desulfotomaculum IntroductionPetroleum hydrocarbons are among the most abundant groundwater contaminants and can be found in gasworks plants, landfill leachates, and accidental fuel spills (US-EPA 1999). The mono-aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) are putatively mutagenic or carcinogenic substances and make-up more than 50% by weight of the water-soluble gasoline fraction (Coleman et al. 1984). Due to their relatively high solubility, they are mobile with the groundwater flow and form contaminant plumes in aquifers. The degradative potential of anaerobic bacteria towards aromatic hydrocarbons in situ was investigated in several studies and a decrease of BTEX compounds could be demonstrated under denitrifying, Fe(III)-reducing, sulfate-reducing, and methanogenic conditions (Dolfing et al. 1990;Kazumi et al. 1997;Reinhard et al. 1997;Gieg et al. 1999;Phelps and Young 2001). Numerous anaerobic bacterial cultures have been enriched in the past, and pure strains have been isolated. Of all BTEX compounds, toluene has been studied most extensively with respect to its anaerobic degradation. Pure cultures of toluene-degrading bacteria that use NO 3 -, Fe(III), or SO 4 2-as electron acceptors have been isolated (Lovley and Lonergan 1990;Rabus et al. 1993;Seyfried et al. 1994;Zhou et al. 1995;Beller et al. 1996). Under anoxic conditions, degradation of toluene proceeds via addition of fumarate to the methyl group (Biegert et al. 1996;Beller and Spormann 1997b;Leuthner et al. 1998;Rabus and Heider 1998;Kane et al. 2002).Consumption of o-xylene was discovered simultaneously with toluene degradation in methanogenic consortia (Edwards and Grbic-Galic 1994). Later, transformation of o-xylene to o-methyl homologs of benzylsuccinate by toluene-degrading strains was reported; however, no further oxidation steps could be observed (Beller and Spormann...

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“…A number of concurrent events with different effects on the concentration measurements might have taken place during the storage of the samples. Relatively insoluble heavy aromatics and aliphatics might have been initially present in the samples porewater as an agglomeration of oil droplets or microemulsions [33] and thus might have been initially partially undetected by the GC measurements. The droplets might have progressively dissolved in the porewater thus causing a tendency for higher concentrations measurements.…”

Section: Artificial Sand/kaolinite Samples 3331 Untreated Sand/kamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of quicklime mixing for the remediation of petroleum contaminated soils

Schifano

MacLeod

Hadlow

et al. 2007

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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The identification and measurement of components in gasoline, kerosene, and no. 2 fuel oil that partition into the aqueous phase after mixing

Cited by 58 publications

References 12 publications

Monoaromatic hydrocarbon transformation under anaerobic conditions at seal beach, California: Laboratory studies

Monoaromatic hydrocarbon transformation under anaerobic conditions at seal beach, California: Laboratory studies

Degradation of o -xylene and m -xylene by a novel sulfate-reducer belonging to the genus Desulfotomaculum

Evaluation of quicklime mixing for the remediation of petroleum contaminated soils

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