The history of electron ionization in LC-MS, from the early days to modern technologies: A review

Famiglini, Giorgio; Palma, Pierangela; Termopoli, Veronica

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2021.338350

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…The use of low flow EI-MS for forensic analysis shows great promise [9]. This study is in line with recent advancements in LC separations hyphenated to EI-MS [40,41]. Advantages of EI-MS include the generation of extensive fragmentation patterns that represent the fingerprinting of a molecule, unparallel robustness, and reproducibility, and the widespread use of the same spectral library [40].…”

Section: Instrumental Advancements-detectorssupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Recent advances in micro-LC, capillary-LC, and nano-LC systems have yet to be applied to forensic research. They can offer increased efficiency, peak capacity, separation speed, and could prove useful in forensic studies [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Discussed below are noteworthy LC instrumental/system advances that have the potential to either improve current research or to be applicable in unexplored areas of forensic science.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Advantages of EI-MS include the generation of extensive fragmentation patterns that represent the fingerprinting of a molecule, unparallel robustness, and reproducibility, and the widespread use of the same spectral library [40]. Utilizing LC hyphenated to EI-MS presents challenges, mainly due to restrictions related to the high-vacuum and hightemperature parameters of EI and the need to remove the eluent carrying the analyte upon entering the ion source [41]. In recent years, the miniaturization of LC systems along with the progresses in MS vacuum pump capabilities has presented the LC-EI-MS hyphenation as more feasible.…”

Section: Instrumental Advancements-detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of micro, capillary, and nano liquid chromatography for forensic analysis

Langford

Lurie

2021

J of Separation Science

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The use of micro, capillary, and nano liquid chromatography systems for forensic analysis has excellent potential. In a field where sample size is often limited, several studies have presented the viability of capillary columns with microflow and nanoflow, and when using mass spectrometric analysis limits of detection can be improved. Reduction in flow rates result in significant reduction in operating costs. Recent advances in miniaturized liquid chromatography systems also aim at in-laboratory and on-site detection, which have already been applied to forensic drug cases. This critical review will discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of microflow and nano liquid chromatography. In this regard, included in this article is a discussion of some promising areas not yet applied to forensic research.

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Section: Instrumental Advancements-detectorssupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumental Advancements-detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of micro, capillary, and nano liquid chromatography for forensic analysis

Langford

Lurie

2021

J of Separation Science

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“…Nonetheless, coupling LC to EI-MS is a challenging task because of some incompatibilities between them, such as the liquid nature of the mobile phase-principally when it enters the high-vacuum condition inside the EI ion source-and the high working pressure of LC instruments. However, several LC-EI-MS coupling interfaces have been reported since the 1970s, some of them even commercialized for a period [39,40]. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that such attempts did not achieve the expected success, mainly because of the high mobile phase flow rate used in conventional LC instruments-operating at the range of ml/min [38,41].…”

Section: The Gc-ei-ms Hookupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coupling between LC and EI-MS has been studied for several decades to overcome the incompatibility between the techniques. The most challenging aspect is the incompatibility between the LC mobile phase and the high-vacuum condition of EI-MS [40,42]. The pioneer columns developed for LC operated at flow rates in the ml/min, which is enough to break the vacuum, making the LC-EI-MS coupling unfeasible.…”

Section: Lc-ei-ms Coupling: Interface Development and Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron ionization mass spectrometry: Quo vadis?

et al. 2022

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Mass spectrometry (MS) is a fundamental technique to identify compounds by their mass-to-charge ratio. It is known that MS can only detect target compounds when they are converted to ions in the gas phase. The ionization procedure is considered one of the most critical steps, and there are distinct techniques for it. One of them is electron ionization (EI), a widely used hard-ionization technique capable of generating several ions due to the excess energy employed. The existence of distinct ionization mechanisms turns EI capable of producing a fingerprintlike spectrum for each molecule. So, it is an essential technique for obtaining structural information. EI is often combined with chromatography to obtain a practical introduction of pretreated samples despite its excellent performance. EI-MS has been applied coupled with gas chromatography (GC) since the 1960s as both are very compatible. Currently, analytes of interest are more suitable for liquid chromatography (LC) analysis, so there are researchers dedicated to developing suitable interfaces for coupling LC and EI-MS. EI excels, as a reliable technique to fill the gap between GC and LC, possibly allowing them to coexist in a single instrument. In this work, the authors will present the fundamentals of EI-MS, emphasizing the development over the years, coupling with gas and LC, and future trends.

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Development of an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of crassicauline A, fuziline, karacoline, and songorine in rat plasma and application in their pharmacokinetics

Chen,

Wang,

Luo

et al. 2024

Biomedical Chromatography

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In this paper, an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed for quantifying the levels of crassicauline A, fuziline, karacoline, and songorine in rat plasma. After processing the rat plasma, the proteins in the plasma were separated by extracting the analytes with acetonitrile–methanol (9:1, v/v). The chromatographic column used was the UPLC HSS T3 column, and the mobile phase (methanol–water with 0.1% formic acid) under a gradient elution profile was used to separate the four compounds, with elution times for each analyte being less than 5 min. Electrospray ionization in positive‐ion mode and operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantitative analysis. Crassicauline A, fuziline, karacoline, and songorine were administered to 48 rats (n = 6 per group) orally (5 mg/kg) and intravenously (0.5 mg/kg). The standard curves demonstrated excellent linearity in the range of 1–2500 ng/mL, wherein all r values were greater than 0.99. The UPLC–MS/MS method for the determination of crassicauline A, fuziline, karacoline, and songorine in rat plasma was successfully applied in determining their pharmacokinetics parameters, from which their oral bioavailabilities were calculated to be 18.7%, 4.3%, 6.0%, and 8.4%, respectively.

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The history of electron ionization in LC-MS, from the early days to modern technologies: A review

Cited by 31 publications

References 100 publications

Use of micro, capillary, and nano liquid chromatography for forensic analysis

Use of micro, capillary, and nano liquid chromatography for forensic analysis

Electron ionization mass spectrometry: Quo vadis?

Development of an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of crassicauline A, fuziline, karacoline, and songorine in rat plasma and application in their pharmacokinetics

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