The glucuronic acid pathway in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus rathbun: The enzymes of the udpglucose to glucuronic acid portion of the pathway

Changes of retinoid contents in larval Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and Artemia nauplii enriched with a large dose of all-trans retinoic acid

“…Glucronide conjugation is catabolized by glucuronosyltransferase 36,42 . This enzyme activity has been identified in some crustaceans 43–45 . Concerning the above circumstantial evidence, the metabolic pathway of retinoids in Artemia is basically similar to that of vertebrates.…”

“…36,42 This enzyme activity has been identified in some crustaceans. [43][44][45] Concerning the above circumstantial evidence, the metabolic pathway of retinoids in Artemia is basically similar to that of vertebrates. It has been shown that RG is hydrolyzed into RA in mice when they were fed or injected with RG.…”

Hepatic Ontogenesis

“…After phenobarbital induction in animals as the slug (Arion ater), UDP-glucosyltransferase activity was increased without detectable levels of UDP-glucuronyltransferase (27). One exception may be the apparent ability of the blue crab's midgut gland to transfer enzymatically glucuronic acid to p-nitrophenol (28). Other studies with sea urchins (Echirwdermata) suggest that UDP-glucosyltransferase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase conjugation may occur in midgut homogenates with o-aminophenol.…”

Addendum

“…Some metabolic pathways related to biosynthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides in the blue crab (Puyear, 1967) and in clams (De Meio, Lin & Narasimhulu, 1967) are similar to those in mammals. Slime from a snail contains a polysaccharide with equimolar AT-acetylglucosamine, galacturonic acid, and sulphate (Pancake & Karnovsky, Chondroitin sulphate B is associated with fibrous structures of mixed salivary tumours while chondroitin sulphate C is found in myxomatous regions (Lovell, Briggs & Schorah, 1966).…”