The fungal past, present, and future: Germination, ramification, and reproduction

Castrillo, Louela A.; Roberts, Donald W.; Vandenberg, John D.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2005.06.005

Cited by 40 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…For many entomopathogenic fungi, asexually produced spores or conidia are responsible for infection. Conidia attach to the cuticle (Castrillo et al 2005;Shah and Pell 2003;Bidochka et al 2001;Boucias et al 1988), germinate and form appressoria (Hajek and St Leger 1994), which penetrate the cuticle with the aid of enzymes, such as proteases, chitinases, and lipases (Hajek and St Leger 1994;Clarkson and Chamley 1996;St Leger et al 1996). Once inside the insect hemocoel, the fungus switches from Wlamentous hyphal growth to yeast-like bodies or blastospores that proliferate via budding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once inside the insect hemocoel, the fungus switches from Wlamentous hyphal growth to yeast-like bodies or blastospores that proliferate via budding. At the later stages of invasion, Wlamentous growth resumes with invasion of internal tissues and organs (Castrillo et al 2005;Hajek and St Leger 1994). Finally, the fungus sporulates on dead insects, releasing newly emerged spores to infect new hosts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrophobin genes of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, are differentially expressed and corresponding mutants are decreased in virulence

Sevim

Donzelli

et al. 2012

Curr Genet

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Hydrophobins are small, cysteine-rich, secreted proteins, ubiquitously produced by filamentous fungi that are speculated to function in fungal growth, cell surface properties, and development, although this has been rigorously tested for only a few species. Herein, we report identification of three hydrophobin genes from the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, and functional characterization of strains lacking these genes. One gene (HYD1/ssgA) encodes a class I hydrophobin identified previously. Two new genes, HYD3 and HYD2, encode a class I and class II hydrophobin, respectively. To examine function, we deleted all three separately, from the M. brunneum strain KTU-60 genome, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Deletion strains were screened for alterations in developmental phenotypes including growth, sporulation, pigmentation, colony surface properties, and virulence to insects. All deletion strains were reduced in their ability to sporulate and showed alterations in wild-type pigmentation, but all retained wild-type hydrophobicity, except for one individual hyd3 mutant. Complementation with the wild-type HYD3 gene restored hydrophobicity. Each gene, present as a single copy in the genome, showed differential expression patterns dependent on the developmental stage of the fungus. When Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) larvae were treated with either conidia or blastospores of each hyd mutant, reductions in virulence and delayed mortality were observed as compared to WT. Together, these results suggest that hydrophobins are differentially expressed and may have distinct, but compensating roles, in conidiation, pigmentation, hydrophobicity, and virulence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophobin genes of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, are differentially expressed and corresponding mutants are decreased in virulence

Sevim

Donzelli

et al. 2012

Curr Genet

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“…Intraspecific variation of insect fungi has been studied using various molecular methods, including random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), and microsatellite analyses, revealing considerable genetic variation within species (Castrillo et al, 2005). DNA fingerprinting with inter-simple-sequence-repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) is a relatively new technique and is considered to provide superior discrimination among fungal isolates compared to other methods because it produces quite variable fingerprints with a large number of fragments throughout the genome (Taylor et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Beauveria bassiana isolates from Japan using inter-simple-sequence-repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) amplification

Takatsuka

2007

Appl. Entomol. Zool.

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DNA from 59 Beauveria bassiana isolates and one B. brongniartii isolate were subjected to inter-simple-sequence-repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) amplification with three short, 14-18-nucleotide primers that included tandemly repeated sequences. ISSR-PCR was found to be highly reproducible since DNA amplification from several single-spore-isolate subcultures of the B. bassiana F-263 isolate resulted in identical banding patterns. Each primer produced highly polymorphic bands, and high gene diversities for each primer were estimated with a range from 0.24 to 0.28. Consequently, all B. bassiana isolates, including F-263, were characterized by unique banding patterns. A dendrogram created by unweighted pair group method analysis (UPGMA) of ISSR-PCR data showed several small clades composed of isolates that originated from the insect order Coleoptera. They were dispersed throughout the dendrogram and did not comprise a large clade. A similar pattern was found for isolates from Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera.

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“…The selection of a fungal entomopathogen that economically produces a stable propagule which provides consistent insect control under field conditions is the ultimate goal of the selection process. An excellent description of the requirements for germination, infection and reproduction by fungal entomopathogens on the insect cuticle has been presented by Boucias and Pendland (1991) and Castrillo et al (2005).…”

Section: Selecting Fungal Propagules For Use In Inundation Biocontrolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological considerations in producing and formulating fungal entomopathogens for use in insect biocontrol

2009

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Insect pests persist in a wide-variety of agricultural, arboreal and urban environments. Effective control with fungal entomopathogens using inundation biocontrol requires an understanding of the ecology of the target insect, fungal pathogen, and the insect-pathogen interaction. Historically, the development of production and formulation processes for biocontrol fungi has primarily focused on reducing costs by maximizing the yield of infective propagules, increasing storage stability, and improving product form for ease of application. These goals are critical for commercialization but are often in conflict with environmental and ecological considerations. Critical parameters for selecting a fungal pathogen for use in inundation biocontrol include the cost-effective production of a stable, infective propagule that is suited for use in the environment where the insect must be controlled. Production processes can be manipulated nutritionally and environmentally to produce efficacious propagules or to direct fungal differentiation to propagule forms that may be better suited for use in specific environments. Formulation development must also consider ecological and environmental factors to maximize biocontrol efficacy. A basic understanding of the surface chemistries of the fungal propagule and insect, the interactions between a fungal propagule and the insect cuticle that lead to infection, and the impact of the environment on this interaction can aid in the development of effective formulations.

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The fungal past, present, and future: Germination, ramification, and reproduction

Cited by 40 publications

References 122 publications

Hydrophobin genes of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, are differentially expressed and corresponding mutants are decreased in virulence

Hydrophobin genes of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, are differentially expressed and corresponding mutants are decreased in virulence

Characterization of Beauveria bassiana isolates from Japan using inter-simple-sequence-repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) amplification

Ecological considerations in producing and formulating fungal entomopathogens for use in insect biocontrol

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