The Frequency-Watt Function: Simulation and Testing for the Hawaiian Electric Companies

Determination of the Required Power Response of Inverters to Provide Fast Frequency Support in Power Systems with Low Synchronous Inertia

“…With the obtained expressions in (12) and (10), the current needed (11) to supply the IBFPR related to the measured voltages can be implemented in MATLAB-Simulink, as depicted in Figure 6. From the voltages readings of lines a-b and b-c, the voltage V an is calculated using Equation (12). Then, Equation 11is implemented to calculate the current to be fed into the system using the complex power response (6) and the previously calculated value of V an .…”

“…Moreover, ramping capabilities of PV plants' inverters were studied in [10] for power reserving. Similarly, highly PV penetrated grids and the inverters' requirements to meet local codes were evaluated in [11,12]. Additionally, modified control strategies in the power electronics allow the controller to extract part of the stored kinetic energy in the rotating masses of the wind turbines [9,13].…”

Power system effects and mitigation recommendations for DER cyberattacks

“…DERs are increasingly responsive to frequency fluctuations and can participate in the primary frequency regulation of the system [46,47]. Typically, the control mechanism they use to provide this type of regulation is a proportional control action similar to the governor droop found in conventional generation [48].…”

“…These devices have traditionally been designed to not participate with grid operations and to disconnect from the grid when there are voltage or frequency disturbances per the US interconnection standard, IEEE 1547 [5]. However, renewable energy penetrations have reached a point where challenges with voltage regulation, protection, and bulk system control are emerging because DERs are displacing thermal plants with inertialess, non-dispatchable, variable sources of generation [6][7][8].…”

Design and Evaluation of a Secure Virtual Power Plant.

“…Similarly, the frequency-watt settings, shown in Figure 6, would be chosen by the distributed controller to aggressively respond to frequency deviations. Prior research on selecting PV inverter frequency-watt settings to maintain grid frequency during an N-1 contingency on the island grid of Lanai, HI could be leveraged to optimize the distributed control settings for the VPP DERs 67,68,69 . Distributed droop-like controls will be programmed into converter-based DER to autonomously respond to locally-measured frequency deviations in sub-second time frames.…”