The flame retardant group‐synergistic‐effect of a phosphaphenanthrene and triazine double‐group compound in epoxy resin

Abstract

A flame retardant tri‐(phosphaphenanthrene‐(hydroxyl‐methylene)‐phenoxyl)‐1, 3, 5‐triazine (Trif‐DOPO) and its control samples are incorporated into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) and 4, 4′‐diamino‐diphenyl sulfone (DDS) to prepare flame retardant thermosets, respectively. According to the results of limited oxygen index (LOI), UL94 vertical burning test and cone calorimeter test, the Trif‐DOPO/DGEBA/DDS thermoset with 1.2 wt % phosphorus possesses the LOI value of 36% and UL94 V‐0 flammability rating, and Trif‐DOPO can decrease the peak of heat release rate (pk‐HRR) and reduce the total heat release (THR) of thermosets. All these prove better flame retardant performance of Trif‐DOPO than that of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide(DOPO). The residue photos of thermosets after cone calorimetry test disclose that Trif‐DOPO can promote the formation of thick and tough melting char layer for combined action of the flame retardant groups of Trif‐DOPO. The results from thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry(Py‐GC/MS) show that the groups in Trif‐DOPO can be decomposed and produce PO2 fragments, phosphaphenanthrene and phenoxy fragments, which can jointly quench the free radical chain reaction during combustion. Therefore, the excellent flame retardancy of Trif‐DOPO is attributed to its flame retardant group‐synergic‐effect. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39709.

Fire resistant melamine based organic-geopolymer hybrid composites

“…Table 2 Flame tests results of the neat geopolymer, for the hybrid composites Geo-Mel10 and GeoMelAptes10 (both containing 10% wt of organic melamine resin) and for a triazine epoxy resin specimens (data from refs. [51,52]). HRR= heat release rate, THR= total heat release, SPR= smoke production rate.…”

“…Individual values for percent weight loss during the fire test, time to ignition, peak heat release rate, 180-second average heat release rate, total heat released per unit area and specific extinction area of smoke are reported for each material examined together with some data reported in the literature [51,52] for a triazine-based epoxy resin similar to that used in the production of the hybrid composite samples. Figure 10 reports the comparison of the heat release rate (HRR) curve of a neat geopolymer, a triazine-based epoxy resin [51] with those one of the GEO-Mel10 and GEO-MelAptes10 specimens. Table 2 Flame tests results of the neat geopolymer, for the hybrid composites Geo-Mel10 and GeoMelAptes10 (both containing 10% wt of organic melamine resin) and for a triazine epoxy resin specimens (data from refs.…”

Flame‐retardant properties and mechanisms of epoxy thermosets modified with two phosphorus‐containing phenolic amines

“…7,8 Recently, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) has captured much interest for its great potential to construct phosphorus-nitrogen synergism because of its multiple structural diversification by functionalization. The high reactivity of PAH bond in DOPO can react with a number of electron-deficient compounds containing imine, 7,9-12 maleimide, 13,14 phosphazene, 15,16 triazine, 6,17 and triazine-trione 18,19 structures, thus integrating phosphorus and nitrogen element into DOPO-based derivatives. These derivatives, either as reactive curing agents or additives introduced into epoxy matrices, have imparted improved flame retardancy to epoxy resins.…”

Synergistic flame-retardant behavior and mechanisms of aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate and phosphaphenanthrene in epoxy resin

“…Recently, most of the studies about DOPO have focused on the novel additives constructed by phosphaphenanthrene and several functional groups such as cyclotriphosphazene [14,32], silsesquioxane [33], triazene [16,34,35], and other groups [36e38]. These additives can endow epoxy resin thermosets by high flame retardancy, and confirm flame-retardant group synergistic effect between DOPO and other functional groups by constructing novel molecules.…”