The Five Symptom Dimensions and Depression in Schizophrenia

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the five-factor model of psychopathology and depression in schizophrenia. Symptoms were rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in 105 chronic patients with schizophrenia. Principal-component analysis (PCA) produced a five-factor solution for the PANSS (psychomotor poverty, disorganisation, reality distortion, excitement, and depression), and a two-factor solution for the MADRS (psychological and behavioural depression). The PANSS depression factor was highly associated with the MADRS psychological depression factor but not with MADRS behavioural depression. By contrast, the PANSS excitement factor showed a strong positive correlation with the behavioural depression factor but not with psychological depression. These MADRS factors were not associated significantly with the core PANSS factors, including psychomotor poverty. It is suggested that depression exists as an independent domain, differentiated from negative symptoms, in the structure of schizophrenia symptomatology.

Sample size requirements for the internal validation of psychiatric scales

“…The data simulation was performed using R software 2.6.2.; vectors ε j , f m and C were generated using the function rnorm and δ j using runif. (Bell et al, 1994;Fresan et al, 2005;Honey et al, 2003;Kay et al, 1990;Lancon et al, 1999;Lee et al, 2003;Lindenmayer et al, 2004;Loza et al, 2003;Lykouras et al, 2000;Salokangas et al, 2002;Villalta-Gil et al, 2006) 11 --1 8 -2 BPRS (Adachi et al, 2000;Harvey et al, 1996;Lachar et al, 2001;Ventura et al, 2000) 4 --2 1 1 -BAI (Beck, 1991;Chapman et al, 2009;Kabacoff et al, 1997;Steer et al, 1995;Steer et al, 1993) (Gabryelewicz et al, 2004;Galinowski et al, 1995;Lee et al, 2003;Parker et al, 2003;Serretti et al, 1999) 5 3 2 ----BDI (Basker et al, 2007;Bonicatto et al, 1998;Bonilla et al, 2004;Gorenstein et al, 1999;Grunebaum et al, 2005;Helm et al, 2003;Jo et al, 2007;Killgore, 1999;Munoz et al, 2007;Powell, 2003;Salamero et al, 1994;Shek, 1990;Steer et al, 1989;Uslu et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2005) …”

The Temporal Relationship Between Symptom Change and Treatment Discontinuation in a Pooled Analysis of 4 Schizophrenia Trials

“…The depression subscore has been found to correlate with both depressive and anxiety symptoms and is the sum of scores from 5 PANSS items: somatic concerns (item 15), anxiety (item 16), guilt feelings (item 17), tension (item 18), and depression (item 20). 22,23 ''Response[ was defined as a 20% or greater decrease from baseline PANSS total score or from any baseline subscore under consideration. ''Lack of symptom improvement[ was defined as no improvement in PANSS total score between any 2 evaluations, and ''symptom worsening[ was defined as a 10-point or greater increase in PANSS total score between any 2 evaluations.…”

A systematic review of instruments to measure depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia

“…The underlying factor structure of the multidimensional instruments (BPRS and PANSS) generally consisted of one factor for depression and two to four other factors. The depression factor was comprised of the three items "depression," "guilt" and "anxiety" (Lykouras et al, 2000;McMahon et al, 2002), but additional items loading on the depression factor were "tension" (Lindenmayer et al, 1995;Van Der Gaag et al, 2006;White et al, 1997;Wolthaus et al, 2000), "somatic concern" (Eisenberg et al, 2009;El Yazaji et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2003;Loas et al, 1997) and "suicidality" (Kopelowicz et al, 2008;Ruggeri et al, 2005), or other combinations including "self neglect" (Dingemans et al, 1995) or "motor retardation" (Alves et al, 2005). Inspection of the factor structure of the MADRS and the CDSS did not lead to separate factors for negative symptoms Maggini and Raballo, 2006;Wolthaus et al, 2000).…”