The Exosomes: Staring Biomarkers and Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

: Extracellular vesicles (EVs, formerly known as exosomes) are small, extracellular membrane-bound particles that play a role in cellular communication via transporting different cargos including proteins, DNAs, RNAs, etc. Their role has been shown in different endocrine/paracrine signaling in different organs such as the cardiovascular system. These days mortality and morbidity rates caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD) have become an important issue among healthcare systems all over the world. EVs great potentials for clinical diagnosis and treatment offer a bright future in assessing different types of CVDs. In this review we have summarized the variable roles of these nano-sized biological membrane-enclosed vesicles in myocardial injury, repair, and regeneration. We have also reviewed the value of EVs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the field of cardiology medicine and emphasized the promising capabilities of EVs as natural drug-delivery vehicles as a novel targeting treatment.

Exosomes: emerging biomarkers unveiling cellular mysteries—a narrative review

“…Exosomes play roles in cardiovascular homeostasis by carrying bioactive molecules involved in angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. [1][2][3][4][5][6] These vesicles have been implicated in cardiac regeneration and repair processes as they can transport cardioprotective factors to damaged tissues. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Additionally, exosomes derived from endothelial cells contain molecular cargo that reflects the vascular health of an individual.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] These vesicles have been implicated in cardiac regeneration and repair processes as they can transport cardioprotective factors to damaged tissues. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Additionally, exosomes derived from endothelial cells contain molecular cargo that reflects the vascular health of an individual. Researchers are investigating exosomal cargos, including microRNAs and proteins, as potential indicators of cardiac function and vascular conditions.…”

“…Initially considered cellular waste containers, exosomes have gained prominence as essential mediators of diverse physiological and pathological processes. [1] Composed of a lipid bilayer membrane, an exosome encapsulates cargo consisting of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other bioactive molecules. Their cargo composition is highly dynamic and can be tailored to deliver specific molecules to specific recipient cells, allowing for targeted communication.…”

“…[9] Review ARticle Recently, exosomes have been used as potential biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases . [1,3] ; these types of disorders often involve the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which can be detected in exosomes released by affected cells. [4,6] Evaluating the composition of these exosomes may lead to valuable insights into disease progression and enable the development of early intervention strategies .…”

“…[6] Cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and autoimmune conditions are being explored for their exosomal biomarker potential. [1,2] Exosomes derived from diseased cells carry signatures of inflammation, stress, or infection, providing diagnostic cues for clinicians. [3,4] As exosome isolation and analysis techniques continue to be advanced, the clinical utility of exosomes as biomarkers is expected to increase exponentially.…”