The exfoliation syndrome in cognitive impairment of cerebrovascular or Alzheimer’s type

Linnér, Erik; Popovic, Vladislav; Gottfries, Carl‐Gerhard; Jonsson, Michael; Sjögren, Magnus; Wallin, Anders

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0420.2001.790314.x

Cited by 101 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…An overexpression of the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a disbalance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMPs), and increased cellular and oxidative stress, describe a part of the pathological process that is characterized by an elastic microfibrillopathy. [5][6][7][8][9] Although there is no clear-cut evidence that the deposits would cause degeneration of the extraocular tissues, they have been associated with transient ischaemic attacks, 10 Alzheimer's disease, 11 asymptomatic myocardial dysfunction, 12 sensorineural hearing loss, 13 stroke, myocardial infarction, systemic hypertension, 14 and aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. 15 The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PEX syndrome in a Greek cataract population and its relation to glaucoma and coronary artery disease (CAD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome prevalence in Greek patients with cataract and its association to glaucoma and coronary artery disease

Ανδρικόπουλος

Mela

Georgakopoulos

et al. 2007

Eye

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Purpose To investigate the prevalence of glaucoma and coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with cataract and pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome. Methods Cross-sectional study of 2140 consecutive patients with cataract admitted at the University Hospital of Patras, Greece, for cataract surgery. Only patients with senile cataract were included in this study. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination that included slit-lamp evaluation with dilated pupil for PEX material in the anterior segment, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, and optic disc cup examination. They also underwent an evaluation for CAD by a cardiologist. CAD was considered present if a patient had a history of myocardial infarction, or ischaemia, or abnormal coronary angiography. The patients were classified into two groups: the PEX and the non-PEX group. Results One thousand and eighty-eight (50.8%) patients were men and 1052 (49.2%) were women. The overall prevalence of PEX syndrome was found to be 27.9% and it was found to increase with progressing age. Bilateral PEX was more frequent than unilateral PEX, with the percentage of bilateral PEX raising with progressing age. A total of 132 patients (22.1%) in the PEX group exhibited glaucoma, while in the non-PEX group only 2.5% suffered glaucoma. PEX was also found to be positively associated with the risk for CAD among subjects 50 years or older.No association between CAD and glaucoma was found. Conclusions PEX syndrome constitutes a major glaucoma risk factor and a CAD risk factor. Patients with PEX should be informed and examined frequently as the risk is present throughout.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome prevalence in Greek patients with cataract and its association to glaucoma and coronary artery disease

Ανδρικόπουλος

Mela

Georgakopoulos

et al. 2007

Eye

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“…[7][8][9][10][11][12] Exfoliation material (XFM) is found not only in ocular tissues, [13][14][15] and several systemic disorders have been associated with XFS, such as peripheral vascular occlusions, increased carotid stiffness, coronary artery disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and hearing loss. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] The pathogeneses and clinical features of acute retinal vascular occlusions (RVOs) are still not well understood. 24,25 Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) has been described in eyes with XFS, even when exfoliative glaucoma (XFG, a known risk factor) was not present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal vascular occlusions occur more frequently in the more affected eye in exfoliation syndrome

Prata

Rozenbaum

Moraes

et al. 2009

Eye

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Purpose To evaluate the relationship between retinal vascular occlusions (RVOs) and exfoliation syndrome (XFS) in a cohort of patients with the two conditions. Methods We reviewed the records of patients with XFS with or without glaucoma and any type of RVO between 1983 and 2007. Patients with prior incisional surgery or a history of uveitis were excluded. Data collected included demographics, systemic comorbidities, type of RVO, and intraocular pressure (IOP) before the RVO. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy regarding the presence of exfoliation material on the lens capsule and pupillary margin before the vascular event was used to evaluate the laterality and degree of XFS. Results We identified 36 patients (mean age 78.4±8.3 years, 19 women). Most patients were of European descent (34/36) and 20 (56%) had no prior glaucoma diagnosis. The most common retinal vascular events were central retinal vein occlusion (18/36) and BRVO (10/36). Mean IOP between eyes with (19.5 ± 6.5 mm Hg) and without (17.9 ± 4.8 mm Hg) RVO was similar (P ¼ 0.12). RVOs occurred more commonly in the eye with more pronounced XFS in 92% (33/36) of the cases. A similar agreement was found when considering patients with and without glaucoma separately (94% (15/16) vs 90% (18/20); P ¼ 0.83). In addition, no difference in the agreement percentage was observed when comparing patients with unilateral XFS (87% (13/15)) with all study patients (P ¼ 0.87). Conclusions Retinal vascular occlusion in patients with XFS occurs most often in the affected or more severely affected eye.As vascular occlusions happened in patients with and without glaucoma in similar proportions, the presence of XFS seems to play an important role in these findings.

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“…PXFG shares many common associations with homocysteine. Cardioavascular disease 84 , oxidative stress 87 increased prevalence with age and Alzheimer's disease 88,89 are common to both: a pathogenic link has been proposed. 90 This is supported by research showing exfoliation material contains laminin, elastin and fibrillin, components of extracellular matrix metabolism under the influence of homocysteine.…”

Section: Pseudoexfoliation Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Homocysteine in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Glaucoma

Kadhim¹,

Clement²

2011

The Mystery of Glaucoma

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The exfoliation syndrome in cognitive impairment of cerebrovascular or Alzheimer’s type

Cited by 101 publications

References 10 publications

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome prevalence in Greek patients with cataract and its association to glaucoma and coronary artery disease

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome prevalence in Greek patients with cataract and its association to glaucoma and coronary artery disease

Retinal vascular occlusions occur more frequently in the more affected eye in exfoliation syndrome

Homocysteine in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Glaucoma

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