“…The primary study by Pennes revealed that heat transfer within living blood-perfused tissue is governed by the following equation, which is assumed to be in steady state with cylindrical coordinates .25ex2ex .25ex2ex 0 = k true( normald 2 T normald r 2 + 1 r normald T normald r true) + q m ‴ + q b ‴ q b ‴ = ω b ρ b c italicp , b false( T normala − T false) where k is the tissue thermal conductivity, T denotes the tissue temperature, q m ‴ represents the metabolic heat generation, q b ‴ is the heat generation due to blood perfusion, ω b denotes the blood perfusion rate in units of m 3 /s/m 3 (volumetric flow rate of blood per unit volume of tissue), ρ b represents the blood density, c p ,b is the blood specific heat, and T a denotes the arterial blood temperature. Pennes’ work on bioheat transfer has inspired researchers to improve the bioheat equation, and some notable newly derived bioheat models include the two-equation bioheat model, , local thermal equilibrium equation model, three-energy equation model, , and dual phase-lag model. − The applications, benefits, and drawbacks of the various bioheat equations have been reviewed by many groups. ,, Although th...…”