The evolution of fruit in Scandiceae subtribe Scandicinae (Apiaceae)

Abstract

Evolutionary relationships among 66 representatives of the family Apiaceae, including 37 species of tribe Scandiceae subtribe Scandicinae, were inferred from separate and combined analyses of fruit morphology and anatomy and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Phylogenetic trees inferred from analysis of 35 fruit characters were not congruent to those derived from molecular data and, overall, had much lower bootstrap support values than the latter. Contrary to molecular data, fruit characters did not support the monophyly of subtribe Scandicinae. Fruit data do, however, corroborate the monophyly of nearly every genus within Scandicinae, the affinity of members of the "crown" clade-Anthriscus, Kozlovia (including Krasnovia and Neoconopodium), Geocaryum, Myrrhis, and Osmorhiza-that had been identified in previous molecular analyses, and the sister group relationship between the "crown" clade and the genus Scandix. Phylogenies derived from the analysis of combined ITS and fruit characters were congruent to those inferred from molecular data alone. Reconstructions of ancestral character states using the results of the combined analysis suggest that among extant Scandicinae, the fruits of Athamanta have retained the most plesiomorphic characters. Evolutionary tendencies that have occurred in the fruits of Scandicinae include the broadening of the vascular bundles and vittae, the thickening of the cuticle and epidermal cell wall, the origin of bristles from hairs, the appearance of a pedicel-like appendage, the development of a long beak, and lateral wings. These changes are interpreted as adaptations to fruit dispersal and seed defense.Résumé : Parmi 66 représentants de la famille des Apiaceae, incluant 37 espèces de la tribu des Scandiceae sous-tribu Scandicinae, les auteurs ont déduit les relations évolutives, en utilisant des analyses séparées et combinées de la morphologie et de l'anatomie des fruits, ainsi que des séquences de l'espaceur interne transcrit (ITS) de l'ADN ribosomal nucléique. Les dendrogrammes phylogénétiques, obtenus de l'analyse de 35 caractères des fruits, sont incongrus par rapport à ceux dérivés des données moléculaires et, en général, montrent des valeurs de support en lacet beaucoup plus faibles que ceux-ci. Contrairement aux données moléculaires, les caractéristiques des fruits ne supportent pas la monophylie de la sous-tribu Scandicinae. Cependant, les données sur les fruits corroborent la monophylie d'à peu près tous les genres appartenant aux Scandicinae, l'affinité des membres du clade "crown"-Anthriscus, Kozlovia (incluant Krasnovia et Neoconopodium), Geocaryum, Myrrhis et Osmorhiza-qui ont été identifiés dans des analyses moléculaires précédentes, ainsi que la relation de sororité entre le clade "crown" et le genre Scandix. Les phylogénies dérivées de l'analyse combinée des caractères des ITS et des fruits sont congruentes avec celles obtenues à partir des données moléculaires prises isolément. Les reconstructions des caractères ancestraux, basées sur le...

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