THE EVALUATION OF PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY, SAPONIN AND TRYPSIN INHIBITOR CONTENT IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vanamei) FEED, DIGESTED WITH BROMELAIN CRUDE EXTRACT FROM PINEAPPLE WASTE

Abstract

The present study aimed at investigating the effect of varying concentrations of bromelain crude extract from pineapple on percentage of protein digestibility and amount of saponin, and trypsin inhibitor in pacific white shrimp feed. The bromelain was extracted from the crown and peel of pineapple (Bhattavia strain) at dark green ripening stages. The trial was divided into two experiments; the first experiment determined the optimal condition for in vitro protein digestibility of pacific white shrimp feed which contains 38% of crude protein. It was digested by bromelain crude extract at different pH (6 -9), hydrolysis time (5, 10, and 30 min), and temperature (25 and 30 °C). The second experiment investigated the saponin and trypsin inhibitor (TI) in white shrimp feed after being digested with different concentrations of bromelain crude extract at 0, 90, 170, and 250 ppt for 5, 10, and 30 min at 30 °C. The results presented that the optimal condition for protein digestion with bromelain was pH 6 at 25 °C for 5 and 30 min, the percentage of protein digestion was 63.15 and 70.66% (P<0.05). Besides, saponin content in the diet was varied after the bromelain levels and hydrolysis time, the highest level of saponin was found in digested diet with bromelain at 170 and 250 ppt for 30 min (1.84 and 1.88 mg/g feed) and the lowest saponin at 90 and 170 ppt for 5 min. (0.94 and 0.99 mg/g feed) (P<0.05). The TI content in the diet was varied inversely with the levels of bromelain at 5 minute length which the lowest level of TI was shown in digested feed with bromelain at 250 ppt (0.008 mg/g feed) (P<0.05) whereas TI was varied with bromelain at 10 and 30minute lenght which the lowest level was shown at 0 ppt (0.0031 and 0.007mg/g feed) (P<0.05). This study showed that the optimal condition for protein digestion with bromelain was pH 6 at 25°C for 5 and 30 min, and the suitable level of bromelain and hydrolysis time to inactivate the saponin and trypsin inhibitor in shrimp feed were 250 ppt at 5 min.

Growth Performance, Feed Utilisation, Endogenous Digestive Enzymes, Intestinal Morphology, and Antimicrobial Effect of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Fed with Feed Supplemented with Pineapple Waste Crude Extract as a Functional Feed Additive

“…Thus, PWEC supplementation will support the lack of protease enzymes in this stage of the moulting cycle. In addition to using the properties of PWEC in white shrimp production, such as enhancing growth performance and feed utilisation in postlarvae Pacific white shrimp [ 30 ] and postlarvae Litopenaeus vannamei [ 37 ], there are also studies on the properties of bromelain crude extract in many kinds of fish, such as its effect on growth performance in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) fingerlings and adults [ 26 , 43 ]; innate immunity, disease resistance, and relative immune gene expression of Nile tilapia [ 44 ]; enhanced growth and immunity [ 45 ]; and improved growth performance, nonspecific humoral, and cell-mediated immunity of juvenile sterlet ( Acipenser ruthenus ) [ 29 ].…”

“…Many reports demonstrated that bromelain crude extract promotes protein and feed digestibility. The report of Klahan et al [ 11 ] studied the digestibility of high-protein feed in shrimp and fish feed using commercial and crude-extracted bromelain and reported that both sources of bromelain were suitable to digest the protein in shrimp feed at pH 6 and 25–40°C. In addition, the current study was according to Klahan et al [ 12 ], who found that the optimal condition for protein digestion with bromelain was pH 6 at 25°C for 5 and 30 min; the percentage of protein digestion was 63.15 and 70.66%.…”

“…The report of Klahan et al [ 11 ] studied the digestibility of high-protein feed in shrimp and fish feed using commercial and crude-extracted bromelain and reported that both sources of bromelain were suitable to digest the protein in shrimp feed at pH 6 and 25–40°C. In addition, the current study was according to Klahan et al [ 12 ], who found that the optimal condition for protein digestion with bromelain was pH 6 at 25°C for 5 and 30 min; the percentage of protein digestion was 63.15 and 70.66%. Moreover, they found the highest level of saponin content in the diet that was digested with crude bromelain extract at 170 and 250 ppt for 30 min (1.84 and 1.88 mg/g feed).…”

“…Pineapple waste crude extract (PWCE) is the key functional feed additive alternative to solve this problem. Since the outstanding substance of PWCE is bromelain, it is well known that plant protease [10][11][12], the primary by-product from pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.…”

“…At present, the bromelain in PWCE is one protease used to supplement aquafeed. There are many types of bromelains used in aquafeed, such as those in crude extracts from Rana rugulosa [25], tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [26], grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) [27], Oreochromis mossambicus [28], juvenile sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) [29], and Pacific white shrimp [30]. Commercial bromelain powder is used as the feed additive in aquafeed for Pacific white shrimp [31].…”