The estimated daily manganese intake of Korean children aged 11-12

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily manganese (Mn) intake of Korean children. This study was done using a three-day dietary intake survey of 257 Korean children (boys 123; girls 134). The Mn intake values were calculated based on a database that provides the Mn content of the frequently consumed Korean foods, alongside the food composition table provided by the Korean National Rural Living Science Institute. The average age, height, weight and body mass index of our subjects were 11.9 years, 155.4 cm, 48.9 kg and 20.2 kg/m2 in boys and 11.9 years, 154.1 cm, 43.5 kg and 18.3 kg/m2 in girls. The average daily energy intakes were 2,249.2 kcal in boys and 2,044.5 kcal in girls. Boys consumed significantly more Mn than girls, based on intake estimates of 4,585.3 µg (117.6% of adequate intake) and 4,029.3 µg (117.1% of adequate intake), respectively (P < 0.001). Boys had a Mn intake of 2,041.1 µg per 1,000 kcal of energy consumption, whereas for girls this was at 1,983.9 µg per 1,000 kcal. Neither group exceeded the tolerable upper intake level for Mn. The major food groups which contributed to Mn intake in our subjects were cereals (50.8%), vegetables (21.0%), seasonings (8.9%), and pulses (7.7%). Notably, boys derived a higher Mn intake through cereals and vegetable than did girls (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). The key food sources of Mn, in descending order, were rice, soybean curd, kimchi, black rice and cereals. We propose that the results of our study may be used as a basis for follow-up studies that examine the Mn intake of children.

Iron, zinc, and manganese intake among elementary schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 years in South Korea

“…In one study conducted in Korea, intake of Mn by 257 children between the age of 11 and 12 was 4.6 mg for boys and 4.0 mg for girls, which were similar findings to the results of this research [17]. In one study conducted in Korea, intake of Mn by 257 children between the age of 11 and 12 was 4.6 mg for boys and 4.0 mg for girls, which were similar findings to the results of this research [17].…”

“…In this study, it was found that the average daily energy intake in elementary schoolchildren aged 6-11 was 1,807.2 kcal, which was slightly higher than the energy intake of the relevant age group in the KNHANES and was lower than that of children between the age of 12 and 18. And based on a previous study [17] which was conducted on 257 Korean children that showed 2,142 kcal for daily energy intake, the daily energy intake of the subjects of this study was similar. In addition, a food consumption survey was performed according to the 24-hour food record method in this study.…”

Dietary manganese and type 2 diabetes mellitus: two prospective cohort studies in China

“…In the current study, cereals, vegetables, beans and fruit were the main food sources of dietary Mn, which were consistent with previous studies. It has been suggested that cereals, vegetables and beans are the major food groups contributing to dietary Mn in Korean children [49], and more than 42% of dietary Mn was reported from rice in south China [44]. Although refined grains were positively associated with type 2 diabetes, the potential protective effect of food groups rich in Mn has been documented [50].…”

Hypomagnesemia and its relation with chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity

“…51,52 Magnesium deficiency appears to increase the production of free radicals and the sensitivity of cells to the attack of reactive oxygen species. 53,54 Hypomagnesemia favors the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in the affected cells, which potentiates the activity of the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase), increasing the production of the superoxide radical. 46,55 Hypomagnesemia also contributes to reduce the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and cellular and tissue antioxidant concentrations, as well as increases the production of hydrogen peroxide by inflammatory cells.…”