The environmental fate of thymol, a novel botanical pesticide, in tropical agricultural soil and water

Liu, Beibei; Chen, Bing; Zhang, Jing; Wang, Ping; Feng, Gang

doi:10.1080/02772248.2016.1198907

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Thymol is an unstable molecule, photodegradable (half‐life 28 h), highly volatile, and readily biodegradable in soil (half‐life 8.4 d). Thus, thymol requires high doses and repeated applications to ensure its biocidal effectiveness in crops (Liu et al 2016). Moreover, thymol is a lipophilic bioactive compound with a half‐life in water of 15.8 d (Hu and Coats 2008), which can affect aquatic organisms because of its bioaccumulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been applied in a much broader manner in the agricultural sector because of its biodegradable profile and antimicrobial activity; however, the low solubility of thymol (0.9 mg/mL) limits its application through an aqueous medium (Meeran et al 2017; Kumari et al 2018). Moreover, in the presence of oxygen, light, and temperature, thymol becomes instable, hampering its use as a biocide (Liu et al 2016; Kumari et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thymol‐Loaded Biogenic Silica Nanoparticles in an Aquatic Environment: The Impact of Particle Aggregation on Ecotoxicity

Pereira

Carvalho

Rodrigues

et al. 2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Thymol, a monoterpene phenol, is used as a natural biocide. To circumvent its chemical instability, we propose use of thymol‐loaded biogenic silica nanoparticles (BSiO2#THY NPs); however, the toxicity of this system for aquatic organisms is unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxicogenetic effects induced by thymol, BSiO2 NP, and BSiO2#THY on Artemia salina and zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. We also investigated the impact of BSiO2 aggregation in different exposure media (saline and freshwater). Based on the median lethal concentration at 48 h (LC5048h), BSiO2#THY (LC5048h = 1.06 mg/L) presented similar toxic potential as thymol (LC5048h = 1.03 mg/L) for A. salina, showing that BSiO2 had no influence on BSiO2#THY toxicity. Because BSiO2 aggregated and sedimented faster in A. salina aqueous medium than in the other medium, this NP had lower interaction with this microcrustacean. Thus, BSiO2#THY toxicity for A. salina is probably due to the intrinsic toxicity of thymol. For zebrafish early life stages, BSiO2#THY (LC5096h = 13.13 mg/L) was more toxic than free thymol (LC5096h = 25.60 mg/L); however, BSiO2 NP has no toxicity for zebrafish early life stages. The lower aggregation of BSiO2 in the freshwater medium compared to the saline medium may have enhanced thymol's availability for this aquatic organism. Also, BSiO2#THY significantly induced sublethal effects as thymol, and both were genotoxic for zebrafish. In conclusion, although BSiO2#THY still needs improvements to ensure its safety for freshwater ecosystems, BSiO2 NP seems to be a safe nanocarrier for agriculture. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:333–341. © 2020 SETAC

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymol‐Loaded Biogenic Silica Nanoparticles in an Aquatic Environment: The Impact of Particle Aggregation on Ecotoxicity

Pereira

Carvalho

Rodrigues

et al. 2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…In this context, this approach is extremely important to understand the true impact of these compounds in the environment. In a recent publication, Liu et al 82 studied the environmental fate of thymol in soil and water after agricultural applications in a tropical climate. The authors observed that thymol sorption occurred in the three types of tropical soils studied and that the sorption increased in the following order: sandy soil < loamy soil < clay soil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments and Challenges for Nanoscale Formulation of Botanical Pesticides for Use in Sustainable Agriculture

Oliveira

Campos

Fraceto

2018

J. Agric. Food Chem.

111

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In recent years, the use of substances of natural origin, such as botanical pesticides, has emerged as a preferred alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides, the excessive use of which has raised a lot of concern over safety to human/animal health and the environment. Recent developments in nanotechnology have opened up a new avenue for the development of more efficient formulations that can overcome many of the obstacles generally faced in their use in the field, such as loss of activity because of degradation, instability, volatilization, and so on. This Review discusses the key developments in this area, as well as the challenges in relation to nanoscale formulation of botanical pesticides. It presents an appraisal of the recent scientific research, along with an account of the products that have already reached the market. While it acknowledges the great potential of nanotechnology-derived formulations of botanical pesticides for increasing agricultural productivity and reducing health and the environmental impacts, it also highlights the technological challenges that must be addressed to enable adoption of the technology for wider use in agri-food production.

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“…These compounds are potentially useful in controlling the emission of odors and pathogens in swine waste [27]. Due to its fast degradation rates in tropical soil and water, thymol is considered to have a low environmental risk in terms of tropical crop production [28]. According to [29], thymol and carvacrol showed high inhibition at low concentrations against weed seeds, such as those of red-root amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Thymus vulgaris L. Hydrolate Solutions on the Seed Germination, Seedling Length, and Oxidative Stress of Some Cultivated and Weed Species

Konstantinović

Popov

Samardžić

et al. 2022

Plants

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the hydrolates obtained as the by-products of the Thymus vulgaris essential oil steam distillation process. The bioassays, which were undertaken in order to determine the effect on germination and initial growth of seedlings of some cultivated and weed species, were performed under controlled conditions with different concentrations of the hydrolates. Seeds of Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, Daucus carota subsp. sativus, Allium cepa, Medicago sativa, and Trifolium repens, and six weed species—Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea, Echinochloa crus-galli, Sorghum halepense, and Solanum nigrum—were treated with 10, 20, 50, and 100% T. vulgaris hydrolate solution. The obtained results showed that the T. vulgaris hydrolate had the least negative effect on the germination of cultivated species, such as soybean, sunflower and maize, whereas clover and alfalfa were the most sensitive. By comparison, all the tested weed species expressed high susceptibility. It can be concluded that the T. vulgaris hydrolate has an herbicidal effect, in addition to its potential as a biopesticide in terms of integrated weed management.

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The environmental fate of thymol, a novel botanical pesticide, in tropical agricultural soil and water

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Thymol‐Loaded Biogenic Silica Nanoparticles in an Aquatic Environment: The Impact of Particle Aggregation on Ecotoxicity

Thymol‐Loaded Biogenic Silica Nanoparticles in an Aquatic Environment: The Impact of Particle Aggregation on Ecotoxicity

Recent Developments and Challenges for Nanoscale Formulation of Botanical Pesticides for Use in Sustainable Agriculture

The Effect of Thymus vulgaris L. Hydrolate Solutions on the Seed Germination, Seedling Length, and Oxidative Stress of Some Cultivated and Weed Species

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