The Emerging Spectrum of Early Life Exposure-Related Inflammation and Epigenetic Therapy

Abstract

Early life exposure to a variety of insults during sensitive windows of development can reprogram normal physiological responses and alter disease susceptibility later in life. During this process, Inflammation triggered by a variety of adverse exposures plays an important role in the initiation and development of many types of diseases including tumorigenesis. This review article summaries the current knowledge about the role and mechanism of inflammation in development of diseases. In addition, epigenome alteration related to inflammation and treatment options using epigenetic modifiers are highlighted and discussed.

Comprehensive Review of Uterine Fibroids: Developmental Origin, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

“…On the other hand, protective factors for uterine fibroids include combined oral contraception or injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate in the depot form, smoking in women of low mass, and parity ( 1 ). Other important risk factors include obesity ( 23-25 ), vitamin D deficiency ( 26-28 ), excessive vitamin E levels ( 29 ), altered reproductive tract microbiome ( 30 ), exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (eg, organophosphate esters and plasticizers) ( 31 , 32 ), and various early-life adverse environmental exposures ( 33 ). Individual and environmental risk factors associated with tobacco smoking and alcohol abuse can also contribute to the formation of uterine fibroids ( 34 , 35 ).…”

“…The immune cells and secreted cytokines and chemokines may influence uterine fibroid development and the tumor microenvironment. The myometrial and systemic immune profiles of women with fibroids should be investigated better to understand the role of inflammation linking to epigenome ( 33 ) in uterine fibroid pathogenesis.…”

Correlation Between Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Uterine Leiomyoma: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…[ 4 , 5 ] A previous in vitro study [ 6 ] suggested that progenitor cells of uterine leiomyoma promote the development of uterine leiomyoma through the expression of related inflammatory factors. Current studies on uterine leiomyoma and inflammation [ 7 , 8 ] focus on inflammatory factors such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, and evidence regarding the relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with uterine leiomyomas is limited.…”

Non-hormonal mediators of uterine fibroid growth

“…In case of UFs, inflammation switches mostly to immunosuppression due to tumor evasion from anti-tumor immune response. However, in many cases this pathway is still unknown and hard to describe in detail [35]. Early life and prenatal exposure to different stimuli increase the risk of diseases in later life, due to the inflammation-derived reprogramming of the epigenome.…”

“…Early life and prenatal exposure to different stimuli increase the risk of diseases in later life, due to the inflammation-derived reprogramming of the epigenome. It is frequently one the main causes of UF occurrence [35]. Paracrine signaling plays an important role in the cellular transformation of the myometrium.…”