The elements of materia medica and therapeutics

The Two Faces of Capsaicin

“…Capsaicin was first isolated in 1816 in partially purified crystalline form by Bucholz (2) and in pure crystalline form in 1876 by Thresh, who named it capsaicin (3). Buchheim (4) was the earliest to find that capsaicin caused a burning sensation when contacting mucous membranes and also increased secretion of gastric juice.…”

Systematics and Evolution

“…Thelebolaceae had been included in the Pezizales for a long time because the species produce small, globose to disk-shaped ascomata with sometimes polysporus asci, and the development of the ascomata varies from a cleistohymenial type to a eugymnohymenial type (de Hoog et al 2005;Wang et al 2006b). To make the classification of this order more complicated, correlations between teleomophs and anamorphs in the families Dermateaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae, and Leotioaceae (as Helotiaceae) were regarded as heterogeneous (Huhtinen 1989;Sutton and Hennebert 1995), and the monophyletic status of Helotiales is also rejected based on ultrastructural study and molecular phylogeny (Pfister and Kimbrough 2001;Schoch et al 2009a;Wang et al 2006b). The name Helotiales, instead of Leotiales suggested by Carpenter (1988), is used here following Korf (1973), but the content of the order is modified from Eriksson (2006) and Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2007b) with the exclusion of the family Geoglossaceae.…”

“…The order Helotiales, one of the largest nonlichenforming ascomycetous groups, is composed of fungi of diverse morphology and ecology, and helotialean fungi have been reported from a broad range of niches. Except for monotypic or small families such as Ascocorticiaceae, Bulgariaceae, Leotiaceae, and Loramycetaceae, which reflect our lack of knowledge about relationships among these fungi and other helotialean species, monophyly of other families in Helotiales has been questioned with morphological and molecular characters from limited taxon samplings (Pfister and Kimbrough 2001;Schoch et al 2009a), and retaining these ranks is primarily for practical purposes. Twelve families, including Ascocorticiaceae, Bulgariaceae, Dermateaceae, Helotiaceae, Hemiphacidiaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae, Leotiaceae, Loramycetaceae, Phacidiaceae, Rutstroemiaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, and Vibrisseaceae, are accepted in Helotiales by Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2007b) and .…”

“…The order Rhytismatales hosted only leaf endophytic fungi and pathogens causing serious plant diseases, before the saprotrophic Cudoniaceae was added to Ascodichaenaceae, Cryptomycetaceae, and Rhytismataceae in this order (Pfister and Kimbrough 2001;Wang et al 2006a, b). Although challenged with ultrastructural observations, the traditional classification of Rhytismatales has been supported with the reduced but highly adaptive morphology and parasitic lifestyle (Hawksworth 1995;Johnston 1997;Livsey and Monter 1994;Minter and Cannon 1984).…”

“…Apothecial morphology has been well studied for major groups traditionally classified within Leotiomycetes, and a detailed review is provided in Pfister and Kimbrough (2001).…”