The electronic structure of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene): studied by XPS and UPS

Xing, Kezhao; Fahlman, Mats; Chen, Xiwen; Inganäs, Olle; Salaneck, W. R.

doi:10.1016/s0379-6779(97)81212-x

Cited by 154 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Both ITO and PEDOT can have a range of work functions based on batch and surface preparation [27][28][29][30], but here we use Φ SUB =4.7 eV for ITO and Φ ORG = 5.2 eV for PEDOT-PSS. The work function of metallic aluminum is ~4.1 eV.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Level Alignment at Metal–Organic and Organic–Organic Interfaces in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells

Sehati

Lindell

Liu

et al. 2010

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements in combination with the Integer Charge Transfer model is used to obtain the energy level alignment diagrams for two common types of bulk heterojunction solar cell devices based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) or poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) as the donor polymer and (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butric-acid as the acceptor molecule. A ground state interface dipole at the donor/acceptor heterojunction is present for both systems but the origin of the interface dipole differs, quadrupole-induced in the case of poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyl-octyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) and integer charge transfer state based for poly(3-hexylthiophene). The presence of bound electron-hole charge carriers (charge transfer states) and/or interface dipoles is expected to enhance exciton dissociation into free charge carriers, reducing the probability that the charges become trapped by Coulomb forces at the interface followed by recombination.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Level Alignment at Metal–Organic and Organic–Organic Interfaces in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells

Sehati

Lindell

Liu

et al. 2010

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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“…Furthermore, they have evidence for a para-crystalline state with small para-crystalline regions. The same group also studied PEDT's electronic structure by X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, [53] as well as by spectroscopic ellipsometry.…”

Section: Oxidative Chemical Polymerization Of Edt-based Monomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future

et al. 2000

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An overview of one of the most successful conducting polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT) and its derivatives, is presented, detailing its early development, the synthesis of numerous hybrid and derivative materials, along with a description of the broad array of properties accessible and a description of a set of the more prominent applications in which they can be utilized. Synthetic flexibility and facility is the key to the many new 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-(EDT-) based monomers, oligomers, and (co)polymers. These (co)polymers provide highly conducting and especially stable doped states, a range of optical properties with electronic bandgaps varying across the entire visible spectrum, and enhanced redox properties, making them useful for numerous electrochemical devices. Present and future applications for PEDT that are discussed include static charge dissipation films and electrode materials in solid electrolyte capacitors.

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“…As a consequence, the observed barrier height, formed when two materials with differing Fermi levels are joined, for a Schottky contact between the metal and semiconductor does not vary with the workfunction of the metal. For a HOMO level of 5.1eV in P3HT and a Fermi level for PEDOT at 5.1eV 37 , we can calculate the effective workfunction for aluminum forming an interface with nanorod-polymer blends from the maximum open circuit voltage obtained for each nanocrystal size in Fig. 11 (see Table I).…”

Section: (D) Open Circuit Voltagementioning

confidence: 99%

Charge transport in hybrid nanorod-polymer composite photovoltaic cells

et al. 2003

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Charge transport in composites of inorganic nanorods and a conjugated polymer is investigated using a photovoltaic device structure. We show that t he current-voltage (I-V) curves in the dark can be modelled using the Shockley equation modified to include series and shunt resistance at low current levels, and using an improved model that incorporates both the Shockley equation and the presence of a space charge limited region at high currents. Under illumination the efficiency of photocurrent generation is found to be dependent on applied bias.Furthermore, the photocurrent-light intensity dependence was found to be sublinear. An analysis of the shunt resistance as a function of light intensity suggests that the photocurrent as well as the fill factor is diminished as a result of increased photoconductivity of the active layer at high light intensity. By studying the intensity dependence of the open circuit voltage for nanocrystals with different diameters and thus band gaps, it was inferred that Fermi-level pinning occurs at the interface between the aluminum electrode and the nanocrystal.3

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The electronic structure of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene): studied by XPS and UPS

Cited by 154 publications

References 23 publications

Energy-Level Alignment at Metal–Organic and Organic–Organic Interfaces in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells

Energy-Level Alignment at Metal–Organic and Organic–Organic Interfaces in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future

Charge transport in hybrid nanorod-polymer composite photovoltaic cells

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