Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future

Groenendaal, L.; Jonas, Friedrich; Freitag, D.; Pielartzik, Harald; Reynolds, John R.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(200004)12:7<481::aid-adma481>3.0.co;2-c

Cited by 3,120 publications

(944 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

882

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Conducting polymers [197][198][199] can exhibit rather high optical transparency [200]. Meanwhile, thin-films of carbon nanotubes have been created which are both conducting and highly transparent [201,202].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conductivity in transparent oxide semiconductors

King

Veal

2011

J. Phys.: Condens. Matter

224

180

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Despite an extensive research effort for over 60 years, an understanding of the origins of conductivity in wide band-gap transparent conducting oxide (TCO) semiconductors remains elusive. While TCOs have already found widespread use in device applications requiring a transparent contact, there are currently enormous efforts to (i) increase the conductivity of existing materials, (ii) identify suitable alternatives, and (iii) attempt to gain semiconductor-engineering levels of control over their carrier density, essential for the incorporation of TCOs into a new generation of multifunctional transparent electronic devices. These efforts, however, are dependent on a microscopic identification of the defects and impurities leading to the high unintentional carrier densities present in these materials. Here, we review recent developments towards such an understanding. While oxygen vacancies are commonly assumed to be the source of the conductivity, there is increasing evidence that this is not a sufficient mechanism to explain the total measured carrier concentrations. In fact, many studies suggest that oxygen vacancies are deep, rather than shallow, donors, and their abundance in as-grown material is also debated. We discuss other potential contributions to the conductivity in TCOs, including other native defects, their complexes, and in particular hydrogen impurities. Convincing theoretical and experimental evidence is presented for the donor nature of hydrogen across a range of TCO materials, and while its stability and the presence of interstitial and substitutional species are still somewhat open questions, it is one of the leading contenders for unintentional conductivity in TCOs. We also review recent work indicating that the surfaces of TCOs can support very high carrier densities, opposite to the case of conventional semiconductors. In thin-film materials/devices and, in particular, nanostructures, the surface can have a large impact on the total conductivity in TCOs. We discuss models that attempt to explain both the bulk and surface conductivity based on features of the bulk band structure common across the TCOs, and compare these materials to other semiconductors. Finally, we briefly consider transparency in these materials, and its interplay with conductivity. Understanding this interplay, as well as the microscopic contenders for the conductivity of these materials, will prove essential to the future design and control of TCO semiconductors, and their implementation into novel multifunctional devices.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conductivity in transparent oxide semiconductors

King

Veal

2011

J. Phys.: Condens. Matter

224

180

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1,2 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or PEDOT in particular has aroused much interest as a cathodic electrochrome due to its rapid and reversible switching between deep-blue and pale-blue hues, the large electronic conductivity of its p-type state, high transmissivity for visible radiation in its oxidized form and the high stability of its doped state. [3][4][5][6] Furthermore, the high insolubility of the polymer also aids in inhibiting its dissolution in the electrolyte during electrochemical cycling. Among anodic coloring electrodes, polyaniline (PANI) 7 and Prussian blue (PB) 8,9 independently, and in the form of a bilayered assembly, 10 have been extensively utilized owing to their diverse colors and their ability to color and bleach simultaneously with the primary electrode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polyaniline/Prussian blue electrochromic devices containing an ionic liquid based gel electrolyte film

Deepa

Awadhia

Bhandari

2009

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electrochromic devices based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the cathodic coloring electrode and polyaniline (PANI) or Prussian blue (PB) as the counter electrode containing a highly conductive, self-supporting, distensible and transparent polymer-gel electrolyte film encapsulating an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidiniumbis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, have been fabricated. Polarization, charge transfer and diffusion processes control the electrochemistry of the functional electrodes during coloration and bleaching and these phenomena differ when PEDOT and PANI/PB were employed alternately as working electrodes. While the electrochemical impedance response shows good similitude for PEDOT and PANI electrodes, the responses of PEDOT and PB were significantly different in the PEDOT-PB device, especially during reduction of PB, wherein the overall amplitude of the impedance response is enormous. Large values of the coloration efficiency maxima of 281 cm 2 C À1 (l = 583 nm) and 274 cm 2 C À1 (l = 602 nm), achieved at À1.0 and À1.5 V for the PEDOT-PANI and PEDOT-PB devices have been correlated to the particularly low magnitude of charge transfer resistance and high polarization capacitance operative at the PEDOT-ionic liquid based electrolyte interface at these dc potentials, thus allowing facile ion-transport and consequently resulting in enhanced absorption modulation. Moderately fast switching kinetics and the ability of these devices to sustain about 2500 cycles of clear-to-dark and dark-to-clear without incurring major losses in the optical contrast, along with the ease of construction of these cells in terms of high scalability and reproducibility of the synthetic procedure for fabrication of the electrochromic films and the ionic liquid based gel electrolyte film, are indicators of the promise these devices hold for practical applications like electrochromic windows and displays.

show abstract

“…as an electrode material in supercapacitors, a hole injection layer in organic light-emitting diodes and solar cells). [7][8][9][10] Recently, some potential biotechnological applications of this CP have also been proposed (e.g. as a biosensor for the detection of specific nucleotide sequences, 11 neurotransmitters 12 and amino acids, 13 a biocondenser with bactericide properties, 14,15 a bioactive substrate for cell adhesion and proliferation 16,17 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A rational design for the selective detection of dopamine using conducting polymers

Fabregat

Casanovas

Redondo

et al. 2014

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Poly(N-methylpyrrole) (PNMPy), poly(N-cyanoethylpyrrole) (PNCPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films have been prepared using both single and two polymerization steps for the selective determination of low concentrations of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid in tertiary mixtures.Analysis of the sensitivity and resolution parameters derived from the electrochemical response of such films indicates that PEDOT is the most appropriate for the unambiguous detection of the three species.Indeed, the performance of PEDOT is practically independent of the presence of both gold nanoparticles at the surface of the film and interphases inside the film, even though these two factors are known to improve the electroactivity of conducting polymers. Quantum mechanical calculations on model complexes have been used to examine the intermolecular interaction involved in complexes formed by PEDOT chains and oxidized dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid. Results show that such complexes are mainly stabilized by C-HÁ Á ÁO interactions rather than by conventional hydrogen bonds.In order to improve the sensitivity of PEDOT through the formation of specific hydrogen bonds, a derivative bearing a hydroxymethyl group attached to the dioxane ring of each repeat unit has been designed. Poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PHMeDOT) has been prepared and characterized by FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Finally, the performance of PHMeDOT and PEDOT for the selective detection of the species mentioned above has been compared.

show abstract

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future

Cited by 3,120 publications

References 30 publications

Conductivity in transparent oxide semiconductors

Conductivity in transparent oxide semiconductors

Electrochemistry of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polyaniline/Prussian blue electrochromic devices containing an ionic liquid based gel electrolyte film

A rational design for the selective detection of dopamine using conducting polymers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About