The electron accelerators for the AWAKE experiment at CERN—Baseline and Future Developments

Pépitone, K.; Doebert, S.; Apsimon, R.; Bauche, J.; Bernardini, M.; Bracco, Chiara; Chauchet, A.; Chevallay, E.; Chritin, Nicolas; Curt, Stephane; Damerau, Heiko; Kelisani, Mohsen Dayyani; Delory, C.; Fedosseev, V. N.; Friebel, Florence; Galleazzi, Frederic; Gorgisyan, Ishkhan; Gschwendtner, Edda; Hansen, J. D.; Jensen, L.; Maricalva, L.; Mazzoni, Stefano; McMonagle, Gerard; Mete, Ö.; Pardons, A.; Pasquino, Chiara; Verzilov, V.; Schmidt, Janet; Søby, L.; Williamson, B.; Yamakawa, E.; Pitman, Sam; Mitchell, J.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.02.044

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Electron bunches with a charge of 656 ± 14 pC are produced and accelerated to 18.84 ± 0.05 MeV in an RF structure upstream of the vapour source [32]. These electrons are then transported along a beam line before being injected into the vapour source.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Adli

Ahuja

Apsimon

et al. 2018

Nature

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213

153

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High-energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. To increase the energy of the particles or to reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields (so called 'wakefields'), is one such promising acceleration technique. Experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse or electron bunch traversing a plasma can drive electric fields of tens of gigavolts per metre and above-well beyond those achieved in conventional radio-frequency accelerators (about 0.1 gigavolt per metre). However, the low stored energy of laser pulses and electron bunches means that multiple acceleration stages are needed to reach very high particle energies. The use of proton bunches is compelling because they have the potential to drive wakefields and to accelerate electrons to high energy in a single acceleration stage. Long, thin proton bunches can be used because they undergo a process called self-modulation, a particle-plasma interaction that splits the bunch longitudinally into a series of high-density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) experiment at CERN uses high-intensity proton bunches-in which each proton has an energy of 400 gigaelectronvolts, resulting in a total bunch energy of 19 kilojoules-to drive a wakefield in a ten-metre-long plasma. Electron bunches are then injected into this wakefield. Here we present measurements of electrons accelerated up to two gigaelectronvolts at the AWAKE experiment, in a demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. Measurements were conducted under various plasma conditions and the acceleration was found to be consistent and reliable. The potential for this scheme to produce very high-energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage means that our results are an important step towards the development of future high-energy particle accelerators.

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confidence: 99%

Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Adli

Ahuja

Apsimon

et al. 2018

Nature

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213

153

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“…To study wakefields after the bunch has self-modulated, we externally inject electrons and measure their final energy [29]. The electrons are produced by a photoinjector [30], have an energy of ð18.6 AE 0.1Þ MeV and a bunch charge of ≈400 pC. The electron bunch has a rms length of σ z ≥ 5 ps, on the order of the wakefields' period.…”

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confidence: 99%

Experimental study of wakefields driven by a self-modulating proton bunch in plasma

Turner¹,

Muggli²,

Adli³

et al. 2020

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams

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“…Rubidium ions are heavy and do not move appreciably on the relevant timescales. [ 10,15,25,26 ] Nevertheless, the effect of ion motion has been studied extensively, both analytically as well as in simulations in the past. [ 33,34 ] In Section 4, however, we consider the non‐relativistic ion motion in our extended analysis.…”

Section: Analytical Solution For the Wake Wave Excited By An Ultra‐relativistic Proton Beammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 7,8,10–14 ] The Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE) project at CERN is the first experimental project worldwide that aims to accelerate electrons in the TeV energy range by exciting plasma wake field using a modulated proton beam of TeV order of energy. [ 10,15,25,26 ] A 400 GeV/c proton beam extracted from CERN SPS is used to excite a wake field in a 10 m‐long plasma cell that is capable of producing a longitudinal electric field of amplitude of up to several ∼GV/m. AWAKE uses plasma densities in the range of 10 14 − 10 15 cm −3 , which correspond to a plasma wavelength of the wake wave of the order of ∼ few mm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitation of plasma wakefields by intense ultra‐relativistic proton beam

Karmakar

Patel

Chakrabarti

et al. 2021

Contributions to Plasma Physics

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We report here an exact analytical travelling wave solution for a non‐linear electron plasma wave excited by an intense ultra‐relativistic proton beam. It demonstrates the underlying physics of longitudinal electric field characteristics of the excited wake wave formed behind the drive beam. The results are further supplemented by a fully relativistic particle‐in‐cell code OSIRIS in two‐dimensional geometry. The investigation is further extended by providing an analytical description of the wake wave excited by an equi‐spaced train of small proton bunches with the inclusion of the non‐relativistic plasma ion dynamics. Our results show that the amplitude of the wake field does not grow indefinitely with the increase in the number of proton bunches. On the contrary, it saturates to a definitive limit.

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The electron accelerators for the AWAKE experiment at CERN—Baseline and Future Developments

Cited by 21 publications

References 2 publications

Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Experimental study of wakefields driven by a self-modulating proton bunch in plasma

Excitation of plasma wakefields by intense ultra‐relativistic proton beam

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