Experimental study of wakefields driven by a self-modulating proton bunch in plasma

Turner, M.; Muggli, P.; Adli, E.; Agnello, R.; Aladi, M.; Andrèbe, Y.; Apsimon, O.; Apsimon, R.; Bachmann, A.-M.; Baistrukov, M. A.; Batsch, F.; Bergamaschi, M.; Blanchard, P.; Burrows, Philip; Buttenschön, B.; Caldwell, A.; Chappell, J.; Chevallay, E.; Chung, М.; Cooke, D.; Damerau, Heiko; Davut, C.; Demeter, G.; Deubner, L. H.; Djotyan, G. P.; Doebert, S.; Farmer, John; Fasoli, A.; Fedosseev, V. N.; Fiorito, R.; Fonseca, Ricardo; Friebel, Florence; Furno, I.; Garolfi, Luca; Gessner, Spencer; Goddard, B.; Gorgisyan, Ishkhan; Gorn, A. A.; Granetzny, M.; Grulke, O.; Gschwendtner, Edda; Hafych, Vasyl; Hartin, A.; Helm, Anton; Henderson, J. R.; Howling, A.A.; Hüther, M.; Jacquier, R.; Jolly, S.; Kargapolov, I. Yu.; Kedves, M. Á.; Kelisani, Mohsen Dayyani; Kim, S. Y.; Kraus, Florian; Krupa, Michal; Lefèvre, T.; Li, Y.; Liang, Linbo; Liu, S.; Lopes, Nelson; Lotov, K. V.; Martyanov, M.; Mazzoni, Stefano; Godoy, D. Medina; Minakov, V. A.; Moody, J. T.; Guzmán, P. I. Morales; Moreira, M.; Panuganti, H.; Pardons, A.; Asmus, F. Peña; Perera, A.; Petrenko, Alexey; Pucek, J.; Pukhov, A.; Ráczkevi, B.; Ramjiawan, Rebecca; Rey, S.; Rühl, H.; Saberi, Hossein; Schmitz, O.; Senes, Eugenio; Sherwood, P.; Silva, L. O.; Tuev, P. V.; Velotti, Francesco; Verra, L.; Verzilov, V.; Vieira, Jorge; Welsch, Carsten; Williamson, B.; Wing, M.; Wolfenden, Joseph; Woolley, Benjamin; Xia, Guoxing; Zepp, M.; Porta, G. Zevi Della

doi:10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.23.081302

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This is the likely reason why the measured accelerated charge [31,35] is significantly smaller than that simulated without the effect of boundary crossing [21].…”

Section: Summary Of Experimental Results From Awake Runmentioning

confidence: 90%

The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond

Gschwendtner¹,

Lotov²,

Muggli³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. Use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of energy 400 GeV drove wakefields that accelerated electrons to 2 GeV in under 10 m of plasma. The AWAKE collaboration is now embarking on Run 2 with the main aims to demonstrate stable accelerating gradients of 0.5-1 GV/m, preserve emittance of the electron bunches during acceleration and develop plasma sources scalable to 100s of metres and beyond. By the end of Run 2, the AWAKE scheme should be able to provide electron beams for particle physics experiments and several possible experiments have already been evaluated. This article summarises the programme of AWAKE Run 2 and how it will be achieved as well as the possible application of the AWAKE scheme to novel particle physics experiments.

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“…This is the likely reason why the measured accelerated charge [31,35] is significantly smaller than that simulated without the effect of boundary crossing [21].…”

Section: Summary Of Experimental Results From Awake Runmentioning

confidence: 90%

The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond

Gschwendtner¹,

Lotov²,

Muggli³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Hence, the charge distribution appears continuous. The transverse extent of the distribution along the bunch depends on the transverse momentum acquired by the defocused protons during the growth of the instability 10,19 . It is therefore a probe for the amplitude of the wakefields at the early stage of SMI.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Growth of the Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma

Verra¹

2022

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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Self-modulation is a beam-plasma instability that is useful to drive large-amplitude wakefields with bunches much longer than the plasma skin depth. We present experimental results showing that, when increasing the ratio between the initial transverse size of the bunch and the plasma skin depth, the instability occurs later along the bunch, or not at all, over a fixed plasma length, because the amplitude of the initial wakefields decreases. We show cases for which self-modulation does not develop and we introduce a simple model discussing the conditions for which it would not occur after any plasma length. Changing bunch size and plasma electron density also changes the growth rate of the instability. We discuss the impact of these results on the design of a particle accelerator based on the self-modulation instability seeded by a relativistic ionization front, such as the future upgrade of the AWAKE experiment.

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“…They must self-modulate [6] in a first plasma to be transformed into a train of bunches with period ∼1 mm to resonantly drive wakefields with GV/m amplitude in a second plasma [7]. Experiments with the SPS p + bunch as driver have already demonstrated the occurrence of self-modulation [8,9], as well as many of its characteristics [10][11][12][13][14][15]. They have also demonstrated that externally-injected test electrons can be accelerated (in the self-modulator) from ∼19 MeV to ∼2 GeV [16,17] over less than 10 m [12].…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiments with the SPS p + bunch as driver have already demonstrated the occurrence of self-modulation [8,9], as well as many of its characteristics [10][11][12][13][14][15]. They have also demonstrated that externally-injected test electrons can be accelerated (in the self-modulator) from ∼19 MeV to ∼2 GeV [16,17] over less than 10 m [12].…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Protons defocused by the SM process provide details on the development of SM as well as on the fine scale evolution of the modulation period along the plasma [14]. The SM saturates a distance between 3 and 5 m into the plasma [12]. Side-injected, test electrons with an energy of ∼19 MeV were accelerated to ∼2 GeV in less than 10 m of plasma with density n e0 ∼ = 7 × 10 14 cm −3 (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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White Paper: AWAKE, Plasma Wakefield Acceleration of Electron Bunches for Near and Long Term Particle Physics Applications

Muggli¹,

Collaboration²

2022

Preprint

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Plasma-based accelerators have made remarkable progress over the last two decades. Their unique characteristics make them tools that can revolutionize fields of science and applications. AWAKE takes advantage of the availability of high-energy, relativistic proton bunches to drive large amplitude wakefields (∼GV/m) in a single plasma over distances sufficient to produce hundreds of GeV to TeV electron bunches. Hundreds of GeV bunches with O(10 9 ) electrons could replace current electron sources based on the generation of secondary particles, thereby extending in the next decade the reach of dark photon search experiments. Collisions between O(50 GeV ) electrons and protons with LHC energy would allow studying low x processes, processes with high cross-section, making studies interesting even with low luminosity.Bunches of TeV electrons with TeV protons would allow for center-of-mass energy of 9 TeV, 30 times higher than at HERA. Such a very-high energy ep/eA collider, would be smaller and give access to physics beyond the reach of colliders using other electron acceleration schemes.Based on experimental and numerical simulation results obtained in the early phase of AWAKE (Run 1), that demonstrated the basic features of the accelerator scheme, we developed a clear science roadmap that, at the beginning of the next decade (end of Run 2), would put AWAKE in a position to propose first particle physics experiments with 50-200 GeV electron bunches. This raodmap based on a plasma for self-modulation of the p + bunch and one for acceleration of the electron bunch, and on external injection in order to preserve the quality of the bunch that is accelerated (charge, energy spread, emittance). The roadmap includes:• 2021-22: Demonstrating seeding of the self-modulation (SM) of the p + bunch with an electron bunch;• 2023-25: Introducing a step in the plasma density at a location during the SM growth for wakefields to maintain large amplitude over long plasma distances;

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Experimental study of wakefields driven by a self-modulating proton bunch in plasma

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond

The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond

Controlled Growth of the Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma

White Paper: AWAKE, Plasma Wakefield Acceleration of Electron Bunches for Near and Long Term Particle Physics Applications

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