The efficacy of ingredients included in shrimp feeds to stimulate intake

Abstract

The inclusion in feed formulations of ingredients that act as attractants and feeding incitants or stimulants has been proposed as a means of increasing feed consumption, and hence growth, of farmed shrimp. Squid, crustacean and krill meals, fish and krill hydrolysates and a betaine product (Finnstim) were examined to assess their relative effectiveness in increasing the feed intake of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. These presumed feeding effectors were added to a base feed at between 5 and 50 g kg−1. Given a choice between the base feed and one containing one of the test ingredients, P. monodon showed a significantly greater preference for the feeds containing crustacean or krill meal. Four of the presumed feeding effectors were further evaluated in a growth response experiment. There was no significant difference in the amount the shrimp consumed of any of the feeds. However, the growth rate of the shrimp was about 20% faster on the feeds containing crustacean meal or krill meal. Although ingredients such as crustacean meal or krill meal can improve feed intake, in practical feed formulations that contain significant amounts of terrestrial protein but relatively low levels of marine ingredients, there does not appear to be need for additional feeding effectors. However, crustacean meal and krill meal do provide a significant nutritional benefit, as seen by the improved growth rates in this study.

Effect of attractant stimuli, starvation period and food availability on digestive enzymes in the redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Parastacidae)

“…Although crayfish have polytrophic feeding habits (Saoud & Ghanawi 2013) Fenucci et al 1980, Díaz et al 1999, Smith et al 2005, Nunes et al 2006) even though the SM and the method for incorporating it into the experimental feed were the same across all studies. However, these other studies were performed on marine crustaceans (lobsters and shrimp), whereas this study is the first to test the effectiveness of SM as an attractant for a freshwater decapod.…”

“…It has been demonstrated that squid meal acts as a stimulant, increasing food consumption in Homarus gammarus (Mackie & Shelton 1972), Penaeus stylirostris and P. setiferus (Fenucci et al 1980), P. monodon (Smith et al 2005), and Litopenaeus vannamei (Nunes et al 2006). Similarly, shrimp protein hydrolysates stimulate feed consumption in C. quadricarinatus (Arredondo-Figueroa et al 2013).…”

Behavioral response to selected feed attractants and stimulants in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

“…; n = 7) at two inclusion levels (0.5% or 1.0%) compared with a control ingredient (neutral gelatin + 3% soybean meal) chemicals, such as amino acids, mainly taurine, glycine, arginine, glutamic acid and alanine; small peptides, amines, nucleotides and nucleosides, and quaternary ammonium bases, such as betaine (Lee and Meyers, 1997). Protein-rich ingredients of marine origin, such as fishmeal and squid meal contain these substances which are feeding effectors for shrimp (Smith et al, 2005). Hence, the present results for FMPO and FMBO were expected and confirm the superior ability of marine fishmeal to stimulate L. vannamei chemoreceptors.…”

“…Smith et al (2005) examined squid, crustacean and krill meals, fish and krill hydrolysates and a betaine product as stimulants in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon diets. These authors concluded that P. monodon showed a significantly greater preference for feeds containing crustacean or krill meal.…”

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“…Because extrinsic factors can be manipulated, current aquaculture research has focused on managerial aspects such as encouraging the feed consumption by incorporation of feed attractants which in turn improve the survival and shorten the production intervals. The feed attractants are specific compounds or ingredients added to the feed to enhance the diet palatability and consequently, its acceptability by fish (Smith, Tabrett, Barclay, & Irvin, 2005). As a result of the improvement in the diet acceptability, the fish can adapt earlier to artificial dry diet during the weaning period and attain a higher overall feed consumption and growth rate (Tandler, Berg, & Mackie, 1982;Kolkovski, Arieli, & Tandler, 1997;de Oliveira & Cyrino, 2004;Gaber, 2005).…”