The Effects of Solvent Type and Concentration on the Permeation of Pesticide Formulations Through Chemical Protective Glove Materials

Abstract

A modified ASTM F 739-85 test method has been developed which permits the collection and analysis of both volatile and non-volatile, low aqueous solubility compounds from mixtures which permeate protective clothing materials. Permeation tests have been conducted using eleven pesticide formulations containing a range of active ingredient and carrier solvent types and concentrations. Nitrile, natural rubber, and neoprene glove materials were tested in every case; PVC., polyethylene and butyl glove materials were examined in selected instances. Both carrier solvent and active ingredient permeation were measured over the eight-hour test period. Carrier solvent concentration was found to have the most effect on the permeation resistance of glove materials. Xylene range aromatic solvents were most dramatic in decreasing the breakthrough times of both carrier solvent and active ingredient and in increasing the cumulative amounts of permeants measured.

Changes in Chemical Permeation of Disposable Latex, Nitrile, and Vinyl Gloves Exposed to Simulated Movement

“…Only a small volume of air, 7.5 cc, was displaced in the manifold system, but the number of test cells and pressure and vacuum measures were not reported, all which made it difficult to compare the two studies. The likely reasons for the differences include: cyclophosphamide is a non-volatile compound and requires aqueous challenge and collection solvents to complete permeation testing, which can affect BT and SSPR determinations; (14) the Franz test cell design is vertical (one-dimensional) and potentially influenced permeation additionally by gravity, whereas the whole-glove system has liquid contact in multiple planes (x, y and z);the pumping system in the modified Franz cell test design reported pressurization and vacuum in the cycles, using a syringe pump, which was likely to have some influence on the molecular movement of water and cyclophosphamide through the material; andthe cyclophosphamide permeations were run at 37°C, which is likely to enhance permeation. (15-16) …”

“…cyclophosphamide is a non-volatile compound and requires aqueous challenge and collection solvents to complete permeation testing, which can affect BT and SSPR determinations; (14) …”

Analysis of Captan on Nitrile Glove Surfaces Using a Portable Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer

“…Firstly, breakthrough times and permeation rates can reflect formulation type, the carrier solvent, concentrations of the permeating components, surfactants, adjuvants, manufacturer, formulation lot, and field application practices. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Often, the ''inert ingredients'' are not identified or their composition not provided on the material safety data sheet or label. The interpretation of laboratory-based permeation testing is further complicated when only pure reagent test data are provided by glove manufacturers.…”

Dermal in vitro penetration of methiocarb, paclobutrazol, and pirimicarb: effect of nonylphenolethoxylate and protective gloves.

“…The protective abilities of glove materials against pesticides are often evaluated in experimental models using the glove material as the only barrier membrane, and penetration rates and breakthrough times of active ingredients as well as commercial formulations are reported (6,7,9,10). In general, natural rubber shows the least resistance to permeation, whereas nitrile and similar materials demonstrate the highest resistance (11)(12)(13). Data from more complete in vitro systems involving glove material situated on top of a skin membrane for prolonged exposure periods are seldom available.…”