The effects of pilocarpine and neostigmine on the blood flow through the anterior uvea in monkeys. A study with radioactively labelled microspheres

Computational verification of anesthesia effect on temperature variations in rabbit eyes exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave energy

“…The blood flow in the vitreous cavity, aqueous chamber, lens, and cornea can be safely disregarded so that this value is also assumed as zero. Note that the blood flow in the retina and choroid are comparable to and 10-20 times larger than that in the brain [Follow and Neil, 1971;Alm and Bill, 1973]. The blood flows in the fat and vitreous humor, which exist close to the retina/choroid/sclera, are negligible.…”

Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina

“…The choroidal circulation is fed by the ophthalmic artery via the medial and lateral posterior ciliary arteries, each of which gives rise to one long and several short posterior ciliary arteries. Apart from minor contributions from recurrent branches of the long posterior ciliary arteries, essentially all blood in the choriocapillaris is supplied by the short posterior [47,52,53], and this high flow is maximal at the fovea and close to the optic disc [53]. Though the choriocapillaris supplies both the RPE and the photoreceptor layers, the choriocapillaris also requires a healthy RPE for its own formation and maintenance [18,46].…”

“…At the same time, the RPE has active and facilitated transport mechanisms for ions and molecules, which maintain the finely balanced extracellular environment of the outer retina [23,24,29]. In addition, the RPE provides the pump function that keeps the subretinal space dehydrated, thus maintaining the normal apposition of the neuroretina with the RPE [52,53]. This pump function is essential, as there are no firm attachments per se between the RPE and the neuroretinal outer segments and as the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) only forms a weak viscous bond.…”

“…The subretinal space is a potential space lying between the outer blood retina barrier and the external limiting membrane [52,53].…”

Choroidal Vessel Wall: Hypercholesterolaemia-Induced Dysfunction and Potential Role of Statins

“…This high flow rate considerably surpasses that of other richly vascularized tissues, being 10-fold higher than in the grey matter of the brain, and 4-fold that of the kidney. This high choroidal bloodflow rate (800-2000 ml/min/100 gr of tissue) is probably due to the great calibre of the vascular lumen of the choriocapillaris, and therefore to its low flow resistance [24,61]. Furthermore, the blood flow is not uniform, as it presents regional differences throughout the choroid, so that on the periphery the flow is 6-to 7-fold lower than in the central regions (foveal and peripapillary) [62].…”