“…When failed implants in individuals with no history of smoking or diabetes were microscopically examined, surface roughness of the implant abutment and restoration were significant contributors to the microbial composition. Meanwhile, several in vitro investigations have revealed that P. gingivalis , Streptococcus pyogenes , S. mutans , Actinomyces naeslundii , Fusobacterium nucleatum , and Lactobacillus salivarius adhere significantly more effectively to roughened titanium, either acid‐etched or sand‐blasted surfaces (Grossner‐Schreiber et al ., ; Amoroso et al ., ; Frojd et al ., ; Almaguer‐Flores et al ., ; Kim et al ., ; Badihi Hauslich et al ., ). However, below a “threshold roughness” of < 0.2 μm, bacterial adhesion is not significantly affected (Bollen et al ., ).…”