Periodontal and peri‐implant diseases: identical or fraternal infections?

Abstract

Peri-implant diseases (peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis) are bacterially driven infections. Peri-implantitis leads to aggressive bone resorption and eventual loss of the implant. Traditionally, peri-implantitis was regarded as microbially similar to periodontitis, and translocation of periodontal pathogens into the peri-implant crevice was considered as a critical factor in disease causation. However, evidence is emerging to suggest that the peri-implant and periodontal ecosystems differ in many important ways. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence supporting microbial congruence and discordance in these two communities. Current evidence suggests that osseointegrated implants truly create unique microenvironments that force microbial adaptation and selection. Further studies that revisit the "microbial reservoir" hypothesis and identify species that play an etiologic role in peri-implant disease and examine their transmission from teeth are needed.

Retracted: Role of toll‐like receptor 2 in inflammation and alveolar bone loss in experimental peri‐implantitis versus periodontitis

“…Although peri‐implantitis and periodontitis have many features in common in clinical and radiologic signs, they represent distinct entities because of their different anatomic and histologic environments, core microbiomes and immune characteristics . Peri‐implantitis displays unique features and the destruction of tissues in peri‐implantitis appears to be of significantly greater severity than occurs in periodontitis .…”

Titanium as a modifier of the peri‐implant microbiome structure

“…Prior publications have associated gram negative bacteria with periodontal disease as well as peri‐implantitis . Recent metagenomics studies, however, have identified distinctive microbial signatures of the peri‐implant and periodontal biofilms . Nevertheless, some of the bacteria found around implants with peri‐implantitis have been similar species to those found around teeth that are diagnosed with chronic periodontitis .…”

“…4,45,46 Recent metagenomics studies, however, have identified distinctive microbial signatures of the peri-implant and periodontal biofilms. 6,47 Nevertheless, some of the bacteria found around implants with peri-implantitis have been similar species to those found around teeth that are diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. 18,43,48 It is not clear if the bacteria occupy the peri-implant niche by proximity or whether they are associated with the etiology of peri-implant disease.…”

“…The immunological response is similar yet more rapid and extensive . More recent evidence suggests that there are differences in the microbiota between periodontitis and peri‐implantitis suggesting that implants create a unique microenvironement . In addition, new information, has implicated titanium dissolution products in peri‐implant disease progression …”

Antibiofilm activity of sandblasted and laser-modified titanium against microorganisms isolated from peri-implantitis lesions

“…3 Removal of bacteria can resolve the soft-tissue inflammation, but, once the lesion invades bone, reversal capabilities are lost. 4 Preventive measures aiming primarily at discouraging biofilm formation have been proposed following various approaches. 5 Some of the most studied methods comprise finishing implant material surfaces with repellent coatings, antimicrobials, surfactants and hydroxyapatites.…”