The Effects of Combined Exercise on Health-Related Fitness, Endotoxin, and Immune Function of Postmenopausal Women with Abdominal Obesity

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the effects of combined exercise on health-related fitness, endotoxin concentrations, and immune functions of postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. 20 voluntary participants were recruited and they were randomly allocated to the combined exercise group (n = 10) or the control group (n = 10). Visceral obesity was defined as a visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio ≥0.4 based on computed tomography (CT) results. Body composition, exercise stress testing, fitness measurement, CT scan, and blood variables were analyzed to elucidate the effects of combined exercise. The SPSS Statistics 18.0 program was used to calculate means and standard deviations for all variables. Significant differences between the exercise group and control group were determined with 2-way ANOVA and paired t-tests. The exercise group's abdominal obesity was mitigated due to visceral fat reduction; grip strength, push-ups, and oxygen uptake per weight improved; and HDL-C and IgA level also increased, while TNF-α, CD14, and endotoxin levels decreased. Lowered TNF-α after exercise might have an important role in the obesity reduction. Therefore, we can conclude that combined exercise is effective in mitigating abdominal obesity, preventing metabolic diseases, and enhancing immune function.

Airborne bioaerosols and their impact on human health

“…Endotoxins have been considered to be one of the main factors contributing to occupational lung diseases and organic dust toxic syndrome (Park et al, 2015). In fact, changes in pulmonary function due to endotoxin exposure have been (Paudyal et al, 2011), dairy workers (GM: 329 EU/m 3 (Mitchell et al, 2015), animal feed and grain workers (GM: 662 EU/m 3 ), and sewage treatment plant workers (GM: 214 EU/m 3 ) (Cyprowski et al, 2015).…”

Effect of 8-Week Circuit Weight Training on Strength

“…This is supported by Mylsidayu and Moraes that an increase in weight training occurs within 2-6 weeks with the DNLP linear periodization program with 20 reps and 50% of weight using bench press, leg press, front lat pull-down, leg extensions, military press, seated leg curls, pulley triceps extensions, abdominal crunches, and arm curls significantly increased bench press 15RM (175 and 219%), leg press 15RM (395 and 455%), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) (9 and 10%), and free fat mass (2.8 and 3%) [13,14]. Whereas Park said that a combination of aerobic exercise in the form of running with 40% -75% MHR and weight training with 60% -70% 1 RM [15], with 8-10 reps and 3 sets can significantly increase grip strength, push-ups, and intake maximum oxygen (VO2max) [16]. Showed that the application of specific strength training programs can improve the performance capabilities of volleyball player skills.…”

Hygiene Practices and Airborne Microbial Concentrations in Restaurants

“…Various airborne Gram-negative bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with hyper pro-inflammatory and toxic properties (Tirsoaga et al, 2007;Armstrong et al, 2013). These lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) have been regarded to be one of main cause of both occupational lung diseases and organic dust toxic syndrome (Park et al, 2015). Mitchell et al (2015) reported changes in pulmonary function due to endotoxin exposure in dairy workers.…”