BackgroundPeranakan Ongole (PO) is a major Indonesian Bos indicus breed that derives from animals imported from India in the late 19th century. Early imports were followed by hybridization with the Bos javanicus subspecies of cattle. Here, we used genomic data to partition the ancestry components of PO cattle and map loci implicated in birth weight.ResultsWe found that B. javanicus contributes about 6-7 % to the average breed composition of PO cattle. Only two nearly fixed B. javanicus haplotypes were identified, suggesting that most of the B. javanicus variants are segregating under drift or by the action of balancing selection. The zebu component of the PO genome was estimated to derive from at least two distinct ancestral pools. Additionally, well-known loci underlying body size in other beef cattle breeds, such as the PLAG1 region on chromosome 14, were found to also affect birth weight in PO cattle.ConclusionsThis study is the first attempt to characterize PO at the genome level, and contributes evidence of successful, stabilized B. indicus x B. javanicus hybridization. Additionally, previously described loci implicated in body size in worldwide beef cattle breeds also affect birth weight in PO cattle.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0229-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This study is a quantitative descriptive research aimed to provide the presentation of students who is knowing, having misconception, and not knowing concept on circulatory system using three-tier test. Data were analyzed descriptively using the category made by Pesman dan Eriylmaz to determine students' understanding. Besides, the study also provides a description of the factors causing misconceptions among students. A total 37 students and 1 teacher was observed and interviewed clinically to obtain data about factors causing misconceptions. The study result showed that 56.21% students experienced misconception, 10.99% students understood the concept while the rest, around 32.79%, didn't understand the concept. Factors causing misconception are the lack of students' interest in biology since regarded biology as a difficult lesson; the absence of teacher's confirmation related to students' concept; the instructional process centered on teacher; the absence of remained learning resource, hence, the teacher become the most dominant information resource for students.

Traditional medicinal plants such as Swietenia mahagoni and Andrographis paniculata are rich with bioactive compounds. The phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of methanol extract from Swietenia mahagoni and Andrographis paniculata were studied. They were extracted by Soxhlet extraction of 70% methanol solvent. The results obtained from this study showed Andrographis paniculata gave highest percentage yield by 19.94% compared to Swietenia mahagoni at 11.86%. In antioxidant activity, Andrographis paniculata and Swietenia mahagoni showed 89.93% and 60.77% respectively. While for total phenolic content highest in extract of Swietenia mahagoni by 55.0 mg/g and Andrographis paniculata only 7.7 mg/g.

The need for cassava starch is increasing along with its aplication in industries. Our study aim to determine the yield and production of starch from several local cassava genotypes. Forty-one cassava genotypes from LIPI collection were used to produce starch. Cassava tubers were harvested from five trees of each genotype. The number and the weight of tuber from each genotypes were then calculated. Around 2500 grams of tuber from each genotypes were grated and extracted to produce the starch. The results showed that cassava with the highest yield was Kristal Merah (15,460 Kg), and followed by PNG1 (15,1Kg), Menti (9,970Kg) and Roti (9,380Kg). The genotype with the highest tuber weight is PNG1, and then followed by Roti , Menti and Kristal Merah. Eleven genotypes of cassava produced starch with levels above 25%. Based on our results, the genotypes that potentially used as raw material for the starch industry were Kristal Merah, PNG, Menti and Roti.

The aims of this study were to optimize the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction conditions on the extraction yield and hydrolyzable tannins content of Quercus infectoria (QI) galls and determine the bioactivities of the gall extracts related to wound healing. Experimentally, the QI gall was extracted using the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction method at different operating conditions which were pressure (20 to 30 MPa), temperature (50 to 70°C), and mean particle size (0.50 to 1.50 mm). The optimum values of pressure, temperature and mean particle size to achieve optimum responses (galls extraction yield: 6.02%, tannic acid concentration: 6,149.71 mg/g sample; gallic acid concentration: 96.85 mg/g sample) were 28.11 MPa, 50.43°C, and 1.25 mm, respectively. The findings also demonstrated that the extracts possess antioxidant activity and cell proliferation and migration abilities. Novelty Impact Statement We declare that the work submitted for publication is original, previously unpublished in English or any other language(s), and not under consideration for publication elsewhere. I also certify that all the authors have approved the paper for release and are in agreement with its content. Furthermore, there are no conflict interest in this study. Thank you for your consideration of this manuscript.