The effects of alcohol history on the reinforcing, subjective and psychomotor effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers

Cho, Alys M.; Coalson, Dennis W.; Klock, P. Allan; Klafta, Jerome M.; Marks, Sandy C.; Toledano, Alicia Y.; Apfelbaum, Jeffrey L.; Zacny, James P.

doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(97)01346-x

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…While results of the present study show that moderate drinkers are more sensitive to the effects of stimulants, they are concordant with and extend the results of other previous studies that compared the reinforcing and subject-rated effects of other commonly abused drugs (i.e., benzodiazepines, ethanol, and inhaled anesthetics) as a function of drinking status in humans (Cho et al, 1997; de Wit and Doty, 1994; de Wit et al, 1989; Doty et al, 1997; Evans and Levin, 2004; Evans et al, 1996; Holdstock et al, 2000; King et al, 2002; Zacny et al, 2008). In one prospective study, for example, moderate drinkers were significantly more likely to self-administer diazepam, a benzodiazepine, than light drinkers (de Wit and Doty, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Amphetamine Self-Administration in Light and Moderate Drinkers

Stanley

Poole

Stoops

et al. 2010

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

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Background Light and moderate drinkers respond differently to the effects of abused drugs, including stimulants such as amphetamine. The purpose of this study was to determine whether light and moderate drinkers differ in their sensitivity to the reinforcing and subjective effects of d-amphetamine. We hypothesized that moderate drinkers (i.e., participants that reported consuming at least seven alcohol-containing beverages per week) would be more sensitive to the reinforcing and positive subject-rated effects of d-amphetamine than light drinkers. Methods Data from four studies that employed similar d-amphetamine self-administration procedures and subject-rated drug-effect measures were included in the analysis. Light (N=17) and moderate (N=16) drinkers sampled placebo, low (8-10 mg) and high (16-20 mg) doses of oral d-amphetamine administered in eight (8) capsules. Following sampling sessions, participants worked for a maximum of eight capsules, each containing 12.5% of the previously sampled dose, on a modified progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Results Both active doses of d-amphetamine functioned as a reinforcer in the moderate drinkers while only the high dose did so in the light drinkers. The moderate drinkers worked for significantly more capsules that contained the high dose of d-amphetamine than did the light drinkers. d-Amphetamine produced prototypical stimulant-like subjective effects (e.g. dose-dependent increases in ratings of Good Effects; Like Drug and Willing to Take Again). Moderate drinkers reported significantly greater subjective effects than the light drinkers. Conclusion These results are consistent with those from previous laboratory experiments and suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may increase vulnerability to the abuse-related effects of stimulants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Amphetamine Self-Administration in Light and Moderate Drinkers

Stanley

Poole

Stoops

et al. 2010

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

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“…Usage for most studies was defined as consumption of 3 or more alcoholic drinks within a month or some [1 joint/week] but not daily use of marijuana. One study examined N 2 O effects in light and moderate drinkers, and the alcohol consumption use criteria differed from that stated above, but those different criteria were the same for males and females (Cho et al, 1997). All subjects had to be in good health, which was ascertained by passing a physical examination and having a normal resting EKG.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In two studies there was a grouping factor (i.e., mixed model design) (Cho et al, 1997; Zacny et al, 1997). All studies except one (Zacny et al, 1997) used a double blind design.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We examined this in a retrospective fashion by pooling data from nine studies conducted in our laboratory. Although the studies differed in certain aspects (e.g., purpose, other doses, and in some cases other drugs studied) they had the following things in common: dose conditions included 100% oxygen and 30% N 2 O in oxygen; the testing batteries included a visual analog scale to assess mood; and assessment time points included baseline and 15 min into the inhalation period (Zacny et al, 1994; Zacny et al, 1996ab; Yajnik et al, 1996; Cho et al, 1997; Zacny et al, 1997; Zacny et al, 1998; Zacny et al, 1999). These commonalities allowed us to assess for potential sex differences in the subjective effects of N 2 O in a relatively large sample of volunteers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lack of sex differences to the subjective effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers

Zacny

Jun

2010

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background-Although numerous studies have assessed subjective effects of nitrous oxide, few studies have analyzed for sex differences. Since sex differences have been reported in subjective effects of several drugs such as opioids, nicotine and alcohol, we sought to determine if sex modulates the subjective effects of the inhalant, nitrous oxide, in healthy volunteers.Methods-Thirty-eight females and seventy-two males from nine studies that were conducted in our laboratory were included in this retrospective analysis. All experimental studies utilized randomized, placebo controlled, repeated measures designs in which subjects inhaled 30% nitrous oxide in oxygen and 100% oxygen (placebo). Dependent measures in this analysis were subjective effects measured at baseline and 15 min into the inhalation period.Results-Nitrous oxide produced a number of subjective effects, including those that could be considered abuse liability-related ("elated," "having pleasant thoughts," drug liking), but sex did not modulate these effects.Conclusions-Females and males showed similar subjective responses to 30% nitrous oxide. Future prospective studies might assess other concentrations, other measures (choice, analgesic response), and other inhaled general anesthetics to more comprehensively characterize the role of sex in response to inhalants.

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“…Inhaled toluene produces a rapid onset of psychoactive effects, including excitation, euphoria, incoordination, and hallucinations (Cruz and Domínguez 2011; Elkoussi and Bakheet 2011). Nitrous oxide also produces a myriad of psychoactive effects including euphoria, fatigue, numbing sensations, and detachment (Walker and Zacny 2003; Zacny et al 2008; Cho et al 1997; Collado et al 2007). Chronic toluene and nitrous oxide abuse each have severe medical consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of reinforcement enhancing effects of toluene vapor and nitrous oxide in intracranial self-stimulation

2013

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Rationale Despite widespread abuse there are few validated methods to study the rewarding effects of inhalants. One model that that may have utility for this purpose is intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Objectives We wished to compare and contrast the ICSS reward-facilitating effects of abused inhalants to other classes of abused drugs. Compounds were examined using two different ICSS procedures in mice to determine the generality of each drug's effects on ICSS and the sensitivity of the procedures. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice with electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle were trained under a three component rate-frequency as well as a progressive ratio (PR) ICSS procedure. The effects of nitrous oxide, toluene vapor, cocaine and diazepam on ICSS were then examined. Results Concentrations of 1360-2900 ppm inhaled toluene vapor significantly facilitated ICSS in the rate frequency procedure and 1360 ppm increased PR breakpoint. A concentration of 40% nitrous oxide facilitated ICSS in the rate-frequency procedure but reduced PR breakpoint. Doses of 3-18 mg/kg cocaine facilitated ICSS in the rate frequency procedure and 10 and 18 mg/kg increased PR breakpoint. Doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg diazepam facilitated ICSS in the rate frequency procedure and 3 mg/kg increased PR breakpoint. Conclusions The reinforcement facilitating effect of toluene in ICSS is at least as great as diazepam. In contrast, nitrous oxide weakly enhances ICSS in only the rate frequency procedure. The data suggest that the rate frequency procedure may be more sensitive than the PR schedule to the reward facilitating effects of abused inhalants.

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The effects of alcohol history on the reinforcing, subjective and psychomotor effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers

Cited by 19 publications

References 39 publications

Amphetamine Self-Administration in Light and Moderate Drinkers

Amphetamine Self-Administration in Light and Moderate Drinkers

Lack of sex differences to the subjective effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers

Assessment of reinforcement enhancing effects of toluene vapor and nitrous oxide in intracranial self-stimulation

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