The Effectiveness of Land and Water Based Resistance Training on Shoulder Rotator Cuff Strength and Balance of Youth Swimmers

Batalha, Nuno; Dias, Sónia; Marinho, Daniel A.; Parraça, José A.

doi:10.1515/hukin-2017-0161

Cited by 20 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Few studies have focused on shoulder rotator strengthening in competitive swimmers. Batalha et al [8] found that a 10-week dryland training program reduced muscle imbalance and fatigue. Kluemper et al [2] also reported increases in the shoulder rotators strength after a 6-week training program with consequent postural improvements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acute Effects of a Swimming Session on the Shoulder Rotators Strength and Balance of Age Group Swimmers

Batalha

Parraça

Marinho

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute effects of a standardized water training session on the shoulder rotators strength and balance in age group swimmers, in order to understand whether a muscle-strengthening workout immediately after the water training is appropriate. A repeated measures design was implemented with two measurements performed before and after a standardized swim session. 127 participants were assembled in male (n = 72; age: 16.28 ± 1.55 years, height: 174.15 ± 7.89 cm, weight: 63.97 ± 6.51 kg) and female (n = 55; age: 15.29 ± 1.28 years, height: 163.03 ± 7.19 cm, weight: 52.72 ± 5.48 kg) cohorts. The isometric torque of the shoulder internal (IR) and external (ER) rotators, as well as the ER/IR ratios, were assessed using a hand-held dynamometer. Paired sample t-tests and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were used (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were found on the shoulder rotators strength or balance in males after training. Females exhibited unchanged strength values after practice, but there was a considerable decrease in the shoulder rotators balance of the non-dominant limb (p < 0.01 d = 0.366). This indicates that a single practice seems not to affect the shoulders strength and balance of adolescent swimmers, but this can be a gender specific phenomenon. While muscle-strengthening workout after the water session may be appropriate for males, it can be questionable regarding females. Swimming coaches should regularly assess shoulder strength levels in order to individually identify swimmers who may or may not be able to practice muscle strengthening after the water training.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acute Effects of a Swimming Session on the Shoulder Rotators Strength and Balance of Age Group Swimmers

Batalha

Parraça

Marinho

et al. 2021

IJERPH

Self Cite

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“…Strength training programs are generally designed to induce functional and morphologic adaptations, which are fundamental to many sports ( Batalha et al, 2018 ; Lago-Fuentes et al, 2018 ; Maszczyk et al, 2020 ). Different strength training configurations may cause different neuromuscular responses, and consequently, impact the muscle’s capacity to produce force ( Jenkins et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Altering the Concentric/Eccentric Phase Times on EMG Response, Lactate Accumulation and Work Completed when Training to Failure

Pedrosa

Machado

Diniz

et al. 2020

Journal of Human Kinetics

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This study compared the electromyographic response, the blood lactate concentration (BLC), and the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) between protocols of different concentric/eccentric duration taken to muscle failure. This comparison may help to understand how different concentric/eccentric duration may influence performance and the central and metabolic responses in trained men. Seventeen strength-trained men performed two protocols in a counterbalanced design. Three sets of the Smith bench press exercise were performed to failure at 60% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) using each protocol (4-s concentric/2-s eccentric [4 s: 2 s]; and 2-s concentric/4-s eccentric [2 s: 4 s]). The normalized root mean square (EMGRMS) and the mean frequency (EMGMF) of the electromyographic signals for the pectoralis major and the triceps brachii were compared in the first, middle, and last repetitions. The BLC was assessed at rest, during and after the test sessions. To compare the EMG and BLC, a 3-way ANOVA with repeated measures with a post hoc Tukey’s test was used. To compare the MNR performed across the sets, an ANOVA-type rank test with the Dunn’s post hoc test was used. The ANOVA indicated a greater EMGRMS for Protocol 4 s: 2 s in the pectoralis major and a lower EMGMF for Protocol 4 s: 2 s in the triceps brachii at the middle and last repetitions. Both protocols increased the EMGRMS and decreased the EMGMF across repetitions. Despite the results show different levels of activation and neuromuscular fatigue between protocols, the BLC and the MNR were similar.

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“…Indeed, swimmers' dominant upper-limb presented higher values of thrust, despite a lower HSA (when comparing to the nondominant). This could be due to: (i) the dominant upper-limb only could have higher indexes of dry-land strength than the non-dominant limb [45], and; (ii) despite presenting lower HSA, the dominant upper-limb may overcome this factor with a higher motor control of that specific upper-limb. This may lead to a higher efficient use of force [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between thrust, anthropometrics, and dry-land strength in a national junior swimming team

Morais

Marques

Rodríguez-Rosell

et al. 2019

The Physician and Sportsmedicine

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Objectives: This study aimed to (i) assess an anthropometric and thrust inter-limb asymmetry, and; (ii) determine the contribution of anthropometrics, and dry-land upper-body strength and power to the thrust of talented adolescent swimmers. Methods: Eighteen talented adolescent swimmers (12 boys and 6 girls: 15.81 ± 1.62 years old) were evaluated. A set of anthropometric, dry-land upper-body strength and power, and in-water thrust were assessed. Results: Despite the fact that the dominant side presented higher values in anthropometrics (except for the hand surface area) and thrust, non-significant inter-limb differences were found. The symmetry index indicated a symmetry between upper-limbs. Hierarchical linear modeling retained as main predictors of each upper-limb thrust the respective hand surface area (dominant upper limb: estimate = 0.293, 95CI: 0.117; 0.469, p = 0.005; non-dominant upper limb: estimate = 0.295, 95CI: 0.063; 0.526, p = 0.025). The full stroke cycle retained the upper-body dry-land strength as main predictor (estimate = 0.397, 95CI: 0.189; 0.605, p = 0.002). Conclusion: The hand surface area and upper-body strength were the main predictors of each upperlimb and full stroke cycle thrust, respectively. Hence, coaches and practitioners should aim to carefully maximize the hand surface area (by finger spreading) while performing the stroke, as well as dry-land upper-body strength in order to enhance the performance.

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The Effectiveness of Land and Water Based Resistance Training on Shoulder Rotator Cuff Strength and Balance of Youth Swimmers

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

The Acute Effects of a Swimming Session on the Shoulder Rotators Strength and Balance of Age Group Swimmers

The Acute Effects of a Swimming Session on the Shoulder Rotators Strength and Balance of Age Group Swimmers

The Effects of Altering the Concentric/Eccentric Phase Times on EMG Response, Lactate Accumulation and Work Completed when Training to Failure

Relationship between thrust, anthropometrics, and dry-land strength in a national junior swimming team

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