Relationship between thrust, anthropometrics, and dry-land strength in a national junior swimming team

Morais, Jorge E.; Marques, Mário C.; Rodríguez-Rosell, David; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Marinho, Daniel A.

doi:10.1080/00913847.2019.1693240

Cited by 30 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Nevertheless, all variables presented higher values in the dominant side, except the HSA. Curiously, this hand asymmetry related to limb dominance is reported in the literature for the general population 20 , and also within swimmers 14 . Regarding the handgrip (dry-land strength), the dominant side also presented higher values (but not significant).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Anthropometric variables also determined the speed achieved by the non-dominant upper-limb (namely the arm and HSA). Literature reports that greater body dimensions lead to higher swim speed 14 . Interestingly, the HSA had a negative effect on the swim speed achieved by the non-dominant upper-limb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the upper-limbs' length light markers were placed on the acromion, lateral epicondyle, and styloid process. Afterwards the arm (in cm) was measured between the acromion and the lateral epicondyle, and the forearm (in cm) between the lateral epicondyle and the styloid process (ICC = 0.990) 14 . For the HAS (in cm 2 ), swimmers placed each hand on the scan surface of a copy machine.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The underwater camera was placed on the wall of the swimming pool, recording the participants in the transverse plane. The sensors were connected to an A/D converter connected to a laptop on the pool floor with the Aquanex software (Aquanex v. 4.2 C1211, Richmond, USA) 14 . Afterwards, time-force series were imported into a signal-processing software (AcqKnowledge v. 3.9.0, Biopac Systems, Santa Barbara, USA).…”

Section: Thrustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, dos Santos et al 12 reported significant imbalances between upper-limbs' thrust. Moreover, it was argued that tethered swimming may not be an accurate method to assess upper-limbs' imbalance 14 . As the swimmer is tethered at hips, this may not accurately represent the effect of the thrust on the acceleration of the swimmer's center of mass 15 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Upper-limb kinematics and kinetics imbalances in the determinants of front-crawl swimming at maximal speed in young international level swimmers

Morais

Forte

Nevill

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Short-distance swimmers may exhibit imbalances in their upper-limbs' thrust (differences between the thrust produced by each upper-limb). At maximal speed, higher imbalances are related to poorer performances. Additionally, little is known about the relationship between thrust and swim speed, and whether hypothetical imbalances exist in the speed achieved while performing each upper-limb armpull. This could be a major issue at least while swimming at maximal speed. This study aimed to: (1) verify a hypothetical inter-upper limb difference in the determinants related to front-crawl at maximal swim speed, and; (2) identify the main predictors responsible for the swim speed achieved during each upper-limb arm-pull. Twenty-two male swimmers of a national junior swim team (15.92 ± 0.75 years) were recruited. A set of anthropometric, dry-land strength, thrust and speed variables were assessed. Anthropometrics identified a significant difference between dominant and non-dominant upper-limbs (except for the hand surface area). Dry-land strength presented non-significant difference (p < 0.05) between the dominant and non-dominant upper-limbs. Overall, thrust and speed variables revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between dominant and non-dominant upper-limbs over a 25 m timetrial in a short-course pool. Swimmers were not prone to maintaining the thrust and speed along the trial where a significant variation was noted (p < 0.05). Using multilevel regression, the speed achieved by each upper-limb identified a set of variables, with the peak speed being the strongest predictor (dominant: estimate = 0.522, p < 0.001; non-dominant: estimate = 0.756, p < 0.001). Overall, swimmers exhibit significant differences between upper-limbs determinants. The upper-limb noting a higher dry-land strength also presented a higher thrust, and consequently higher speed. Coaches should be aware that sprint swimmers produce significant differences in the speed achieved by each one of their upper-limbs arm-pull. Researchers and practitioners are always keen to understand human locomotion in water 1. Swimming is the most popular human locomotion in aquatic environments. In competitive swimming, the goal is to complete a given distance as quickly as possible. Within the several swimming strokes available, front-crawl raises most of the attention because it is the fastest, as well as, the one with more events included at major sports competitions 2,3. Swim speed is the net balance between drag and thrust forces acting on the swimmer's body 4. There is strong evidence on the effects of drag on human swimming 1,5 , whereas, the amount of evidence on thrust is far more limited. Theoretically there is a significant and positive relationship between thrust and swimmers' level, i.e., larger thrust leads to faster speed 6. Literature reports numerical studies (based on computational simulations)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thrustmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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