The Effect of Trunk-Flexed Postures on Balance and Metabolic Energy Expenditure During Standing

Saha, Devjani J.; Gard, Steven A.; Fatone, Stefania; Ondra, Stephen L.

doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e318074d515

Cited by 54 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Potentially, differences in posture and consequently muscular effort to support the body against gravity could play a role. However, Saha et al [21], who studied the effect of trunk orientation on the energy consumption of upright standing, found that an increase in energy consumption of 60%, as found in our study, would require a forward lean of the trunk of 508. Although posture was not quantified in our study, no such obvious postural changes were observed in any of the imposed conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

The energy cost for balance control during upright standing

Houdijk¹,

Fickert²,

Velzen³

et al. 2009

Gait & Posture

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

The energy cost for balance control during upright standing

Houdijk¹,

Fickert²,

Velzen³

et al. 2009

Gait & Posture

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“…In one study, healthy subjects were asked to maintain upright, 25° and 50° flexed postures during standing while their energy consumption was monitored. 164 To maintain balance and keep their center of pressure in the same fore-aft position under their base of support, the subjects employed a number of compensatory strategies including increased hip flexion and ankle plantarflexion and increased cervical spine lordosis, which resulted in increased oxygen consumption (25° and 50° flexion increased consumption by 28% and 60%, respectively, over upright standing). Standing subjects who were directed to change their pelvic tilt angle showed an unconscious equivalent but opposite change in spinal curvature to compensate for the change in balance.…”

Section: Perturbing the Balanced Spinementioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology of lumbar lordosis and its pathophysiology: a review of the evolution of lumbar lordosis, and the mechanics and biology of lumbar degeneration

Sparrey

Bailey

Safaee

et al. 2014

FOC

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The goal of this review is to discuss the mechanisms of postural degeneration, particularly the loss of lumbar lordosis commonly observed in the elderly in the context of evolution, mechanical, and biological studies of the human spine and to synthesize recent research findings to clinical management of postural malalignment. Lumbar lordosis is unique to the human spine and is necessary to facilitate our upright posture. However, decreased lumbar lordosis and increased thoracic kyphosis are hallmarks of an aging human spinal column. The unique upright posture and lordotic lumbar curvature of the human spine suggest that an understanding of the evolution of the human spinal column, and the unique anatomical features that support lumbar lordosis may provide insight into spine health and degeneration. Considering evolution of the skeleton in isolation from other scientific studies provides a limited picture for clinicians. The evolution and development of human lumbar lordosis highlight the interdependence of pelvic structure and lumbar lordosis. Studies of fossils of human lineage demonstrate a convergence on the degree of lumbar lordosis and the number of lumbar vertebrae in modern Homo sapiens. Evolution and spine mechanics research show that lumbar lordosis is dictated by pelvic incidence, spinal musculature, vertebral wedging, and disc health. The evolution, mechanics, and biology research all point to the importance of spinal posture and flexibility in supporting optimal health. However, surgical management of postural deformity has focused on restoring posture at the expense of flexibility. It is possible that the need for complex and costly spinal fixation can be eliminated by developing tools for early identification of patients at risk for postural deformities through patient history (genetics, mechanics, and environmental exposure) and tracking postural changes over time.

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“…This option would be expected to encourage more time spent standing and in light ambulatory movement, improved postural control and function, and increased muscular activity and energy expenditure. 18,19 The integration of classroom desks which reduce the time that students spend sitting is a promising target for children's health promotion initiatives. Indeed, an increasing number of interventions have been tested by using this approach, but the relevant evidence has yet to be synthesized.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Classroom Standing Desks and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review

et al. 2016

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CONTEXT: Reducing sedentary behaviors, or time spent sitting, is an important target for health promotion in children. Standing desks in schools may be a feasible, modifiable, and acceptable environmental strategy to this end. OBJECTIVE:To examine the impact of school-based standing desk interventions on sedentary behavior and physical activity, health-related outcomes, and academic and behavioral outcomes in school-aged children.DATA SOURCES: Ovid Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Global Health, and CINAHL. STUDY SELECTION:Full-text peer-reviewed journal publications written in English; samples of school-aged youth (5-18 years of age); study designs including the same participants at baseline and follow-up; and use of a standing desk as a component of the intervention.DATA EXTRACTION: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS:Eight studies satisfied selection criteria and used quasi-experimental (n = 4), randomized controlled trial (n = 3), and pre-post, no control (n = 1) designs. When examined, time spent standing increased in all studies (effect sizes: 0.38-0.71), while sitting time decreased from a range of 59 to 64 minutes (effect sizes: 0.27-0.49). Some studies reported increased physical activity and energy expenditure and improved classroom behavior.LIMITATIONS: One-half of the studies had nonrandomized designs, and most were pilot or feasibility studies.CONCLUSIONS: This initial evidence supports integrating standing desks into the classroom environment; this strategy has the potential to reduce sitting time and increase standing time among elementary schoolchildren. Additional research is needed to determine the impact of standing desks on academic performance and precursors of chronic disease risk.

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The Effect of Trunk-Flexed Postures on Balance and Metabolic Energy Expenditure During Standing

Cited by 54 publications

References 15 publications

The energy cost for balance control during upright standing

The energy cost for balance control during upright standing

Etiology of lumbar lordosis and its pathophysiology: a review of the evolution of lumbar lordosis, and the mechanics and biology of lumbar degeneration

Classroom Standing Desks and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review

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