The Effect of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Watercress on the Levels of Protein Carbonyl, Inflammatory Markers, and Vitamin E in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Abstract

Introduction. Chronic kidney disorder is a main public health concern. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress are common in end-stage renal disease patients. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of watercress (WC) on the inflammatory cytokines and protein carbonyl (PCO) contents in chronic hemodialysis patients. Methods. This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial performed on 46 hemodialysis patients. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: intervention group (500 mg hydroalcoholic extract of WC every day for 4 weeks) and control group (500 mg of white flour every night for 4 weeks). The blood samples were taken to determine the levels of vitamin E, PCO, and inflammatory cytokines at baseline and the end of treatment. Results. Forty-five patients completed the study (22 patients in the intervention group and 23 patients in the control group). There was a significant reduction in the PCO level (20.33 ± 4.40 vs. 15.06 ± 6.41, P = 0.001 ) in the intervention group; also, this change was statistically significant relative to the control group. Furthermore, there were significant reductions in hs-CRP (8953.30 ± 5588.06 vs. 7249.86 ± 5091.62, P = 0.007 ) and IL-6 (60.10 (55.99, 73.10) vs. 55.21 (53.39, 60.48), P = 0.050 ) in the intervention group, but these changes were not significant in comparison with the control group. Conclusion. We conclude that the hydroalcoholic extract of WC reduced the PCO content in hemodialysis patients via inhibition of protein oxidation. Although WC administration had caused a significant reduction in IL-6 and CRP levels, these differences were not statistically significant relative to the control group. Further research is needed to identify the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of WC in hemodialysis patients.

The Hydroalcoholic Extract of Nasturtium officinale Reduces Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Ovalbumin-Induced Rat Model of Asthma

“…Previous studies confirmed that the NOE reduces inflammatory responses by inhibiting the expression of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 [60,61]. According to our experiments, the administration of NOE also decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and α-SMA similarly to the DTX treatment group in asthmatic rats.…”

“…In one study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of NOE were suggested to protect against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in a rat model [ 65 ]. Accordingly, several studies have reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-regulating effects of the NOE [ 60 , 61 ]. This ability is due to the biological active compounds, particularly phenolics, glucosinolates, and carotenoids present in the plant, whilst much evidence approved the ability of these phytoconstituents to inhibit the production or activation of the pro-inflammatory mediators, which lead to anti-inflammatory potencies [ 66 ].…”

Melatonin‐Attenuated Oxidative Stress in High‐Risk Pregnant Women Receiving Enoxaparin and Aspirin

“…The plasma level of TAC was assayed by the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method suggested by Benzie and Strain [ 18 ]. The protein carbonyl test was performed by a spectrophotometric method [ 19 ]. The plasma MDA level was estimated using the TBA reaction assay [ 20 ].…”